三番目の方法は、他者との間に契約を結ぶ方法です。今日気がついたのですが、iPadのCMで「The winner is ...」と言っていました。日本語でも「選挙で勝つ」という言い方をしますが、勝った人は日本語では「勝者」ではなく「当選者」です。先日友人と話をしていて、「西欧では、個人個人がつねに対立しているから、契約が必要だ。そして勝者は絶対的な権限を持つ」と私が言うと、友人は「勝ったからといって、何をしてもいいわけじゃない」と言いました。日本ではそうですよね。「少数者の意見を大切にする」ということを(多数決の弊害をなくすために)、日本ではさかんに言われます(勝者も敗者も言います)。でも、それは「多数決」を否定することになって、混乱が生じるでしょう。わたしは、西欧では「勝者は何をしてもいいと考えている」と思っています。選挙(多数決)は、「勝者に従う」という契約です。裁判もそうです。「判決に従う」という契約なのです。そういう前提がなければ、本来、議会制民主主義も裁判制度も成り立たないのです。
It's been 30 years now. For the last 30 years, I have been a salaryman. I miss buying this book after waiting for it to line up at a second-hand bookstore. After all, it is a large book with 650 pages. I could sleep on a pillow, but I couldn't read it.
Now that I have retired and have time to spare (although I have no time to spare), I finally feel like reading. However, I made it a toilet book and a book that I read only while I was in the bathroom. I thought it would take years to read again ("Harry Potter" took 20 years (^_^;)), but I read it in a blink of an eye.
Interesting. It's a philosophical story, but it's interesting. In the same philosophical literature (philosophical novel), I have read Yasutaka Tsutsui's "Professor Yuino, Faculty of Letters", but "Faculty of Letters ..." is too difficult and I read it "obligatory" without feeling any fun. And I don't remember anything. Therefore, this impression does not take into account "Faculty of Letters ..." at all.
"The world's easiest book of philosophy"
The obi of this book says: I don't know if it's the best in the world, but it's an easy-to-understand book. Furigana is used for difficult Chinese characters. The difficult part of a philosophy book is the word (vocabulary). In particular, when translated into Japanese, it is difficult to understand what has been made into a difficult "coined word" because the nuances are unknown. It's not unclear to say, "A new term for a new concept." Western Zhou's coined words borrow Buddhist terms, or even better combine Chinese characters and concepts. However, after that, I felt that I had to forcibly create new words, which made it difficult to understand. I understand that "existence", "existence" and "existence" are different concepts. However, I don't usually hear anything other than "existence." But in Western Europe, "be", "sein (Dasein)", "existenz", etc. are everyday words (I'm guessing because I've never lived in a foreign country). Besides, I can't read "category", let alone write it (laughs).
On the contrary, if you add the same "subjective" ruby to "dynamic" and "subjective" to "subjective", you will get an image and understanding. It helps. This is a book that readers think.
Besides, I feel that I try not to use Chinese characters as much as possible. I feel that I want 14-year-old junior high school students to read it. The personality of the translator comes to mind. I think he is a kind person.
"14 years old ..."
The main character, Sophie, is a 14-year-old girl who is about to reach her 15th birthday. Even in Japan, there are many books such as "14 years old ..." and "14 years old ..." (Searching for "books" and "14 years old" on Amazon results in "10,000 or more". So I stopped giving examples).
Speaking of 14 years old, I am a junior high school student in Japan. Is she in the second grade? The fact that there are so many books called "14 years old ..." makes sense for this age. I think you all have something to think about. It's just adolescence. It's youth. It is time to change from "children" to "adults". At this time, many people will start to worry about "what is themselves" and "what is life". Sometimes I go on to school, sometimes I have a romance. It's sometimes called the "rebellion period." Girls begin menstruation and are also referred to as the "secondary sexual characteristics". Girls often "wake up to religion" at this time (" Sex and Religion ”by Hiromi Shimada, p.35).
It's a "sensitive age". It seems that people have various memories such as "pale memories," "sour memories," and "spicy memories." However, it is "a heartwarming thing afterwards" and "I'm just lost in the middle of my youth" (Kouichi Morita and Top Galan in "Youth").
In recent years, it seems that taking the exam does not start with the high school exam, but also with the junior high school exam, elementary school exam, and kindergarten exam. Parents are desperate to be told that most of their lives will be decided there. If your life is decided there regardless of whether you pass or not, you will not have any "confusion" after that. You won't get lost. It may be said that the "youth" itself is disappearing.
That's why I think it has a significant meaning, but on the contrary, is it natural to have "puberty"? Was it in any country and in any era?
Sophie suddenly noticed that the teacher was just talking about things that didn't matter. Why doesn't she talk about what a human being is, what the world is, how the world was made, and so on? (P.20)
Sophie has "waked up". Was it good or bad for her?
From ancient Greece to the present day
The history of Western philosophy (author is Norwegian) is written in chronological order. The first half is just a "story-like history of philosophy", but in the second half, the seeds sown there suddenly start to move. It is wonderful that it is linked to the history of philosophy.
It's much easier to understand than a certain "History of Western Philosophy", but I think it's at the core.
What is most interesting to us is not what the first philosophers came up with. What questions did they ask, and in what direction did they try to find the answer? For us, it is more important to how than what they think . (P.48)
Ordinary history of philosophy is a list of the facts that "who said (written) what". But what is important is why you thought and how you thought. That is what is important and is the source of what we think and how.
However, "How" is "techne". Since "What" is related to "existence (ontology)", it will be described later. The other is "Why".
For example, we can bring up the heliocentric theory about the setting of the sun and answer from the rotation of the earth. However, that is not actually the answer to "why". (Omitted) What we are answering is actually just the answer to the question "how". (Omitted) Separation of "why" and "how", shelving of "why" were the requirements for the establishment of modern science (" How do you see nature now " P.111-112)
< p> Where did this "why" go? In philosophy, "why" is mentioned, but it is an adjunct to "how." In other words, the answer to the question "why" is made by "how". It is expressed by the causal law "Because it is XX". And we call it "logical".
When asked by a child, "Why is the sunset red?", "How" is the answer to "It is absorbed in the atmosphere in the light of the sun." When asked, "Why did Socrates have a poison cup?"
In other words, contrary to the Sophists, Socrates has the power to distinguish between right and wrong. I believed that it wasn't in society. (P.96-97) How about answering
? It is subtle.
Socrates obeyed society (nation / police). He may have thought that there was justice for reason (for himself) and justice for society. But those two should have been "one thing" for Socrates. I think it was strange for Socrates to weigh "death of society" and "death of oneself".
For Plato, who faced the death of his master, it was not easy to admit the judgment of society. So he had to assume "idea" as an entity that transcended personal reason and social justice, but it's just an imagination.
Freedom of speech
The person who asks questions is the most dangerous person in any world. It's not dangerous to answer. Some questions contain more detonators than a thousand answers. (P.95)
"Freedom of speech" is not "freedom to say an answer" but "freedom to ask a question". The "question" is neither affirmative nor negative. It is "outside" the framework. So, at the same time that the questioned side dislikes it, the other side also suffers. I have to explain why I disagree.
"Why?" "Isn't it strange?" Children who do not know to "read the air" will ask anytime, anywhere. Parents (adults) who are asked are in trouble. I don't know. Because she is "shaken" after spending her time as she knew. At that time, even if you answer "That's right ..." and "How", the child will not be convinced. The next question just comes up. The child is asking "Why" instead of "How". And the answer to "Why" is neither in science nor perhaps in "philosophy". It is the realm of God or religion.
Saying "noisy!" To a child who asks noisy questions is a violation of "free speech."
Even nowadays, are children asking questions "smart" and "smart" and "praised" by adults?
Seeing, Being, Believing
It can be said that "seeing" was extremely significant for the people of Indo-Europe. think. (P.197)
Of course, "seeing" and "listening" are important for human beings. But I think it depends on the culture which one is "more" important. There is a saying, "Seeing is believing." This comes from the Chinese "Kansho". Perhaps China is more focused on seeing. However, Japan has a culture of "listening to the sounds of insects."This does not seem to be in Western Europe. When I hear the haiku "Frog Poem and the sound of frog poems", I get some kind of scene (for some reason, I get the image of "Frog Poem"). This too will be difficult to translate into Indo-European. It may be said that Japan focuses on listening.
Look through a small invisible object with a microscope and look at an invisible distant object with a telescope. By "visualizing", I think Indo-European people can "believe" their "existence". The culture is now pervading (it is said) all over the world. In 2019, there was news that the black hole was successfully shot directly. It's also in color. I don't know what is technical, but a black hole is a black hole because it is "invisible (light cannot go out)". An electron micrograph of the new coronavirus was broadcast in color. Not only X-rays, but also micrographs have shorter wavelengths than visible light, so there is no "color". Just as you can't see ultraviolet rays or radiation, you can't see it. However, I think there are many people who "believe" that they "exist" when they are shown a photo.
Glass window
The other day, there was a rebroadcast of "Kafka'The Metamorphosis'" of "100 Minutes de Meicho". The "window" seems to have attracted the interest of Gregor in the room. Glass windows are "visible" but block sound. I thought it was very Western. It may be that Japan did not have the technology to make glass, but it was probably after the Meiji era that glass windows were attached to ordinary houses. Windows are needed for light and ventilation, but non-glass windows are audible when they are visible, or rather when they are not visible. I feel that the culture of seeing is accelerated by the glass windows.
Destiny
But there are many people who pray to God for their health. Then they believe that God is involved in the question of who gets sick and who gets healthy. (P.69)
This book is neither "history of science" nor history of mathematics. Statistics and probability theory are "quantified" and "visible" forms of this "fate".
There was a drama called "Unlucky Girl". It was a very interesting drama. The main characters are three "unlucky" girls, centered on my favorite Haruka Fukuhara. On the other hand, Mijika Nagai is a "super lucky girl". Is life "sometimes good, sometimes bad"?
Suppose you are lucky and unlucky in your life. That is, the probability is one half. It's the same as the front and back of a coin. Now suppose you have a coin toss gambling. Suppose you're smart and you're watching without betting for a while. "Ura" came out 9 times in a row. Now for the 10th time, do you bet on the front or the back? I think, "It's about to come out." Some people may recall the mathematics of high school and calculate the "probability of getting out of the bottom 10 times". 1/2 to the 10th power is 1/1024. Those who know more math will say that no matter how many times you throw it and what kind of eyes you get, the probability of the next front is 1/2. Gambling professionals think that there is some reason why they are behind the scenes, so they put it behind the scenes.
The mathematical correct answer would be "1/2 bet on either side". It's no wonder that it's the back of the 10th time, and sometimes the front side comes out the 10th time. That's why some people are unlucky all the time from birth to death, while others are lucky all the time. So it's a relief to say "I'm sure there's something good" to someone who's unlucky and depressed, but it's not "scientific." I think the "lucky theory of relativity" by Yoshiyuki Fukuhara (Haruka Fukuhara) is wonderful.
Statistics began in modern Europe as a "technique of governance". At the same time, it has become an indicator of profits in the industry. Speaking of profits, we generate "insurance" and "investment", which are "capital that does not make products". Gambling is a rule that makes money on the body.
In a gambling society (capitalist society), it may be good to hear what gamblers say. When lucky and unlucky are biased, there must be some "device".
Indo-Europe and Semitic
Jesus is Jewish and the Jewish people belong to the Semitic culture. Greece and Rome are in the Indo-European cultural sphere. Therefore, it can be said that European civilization has two roots. (P.194)
Similar languages include similar ideas. That's why it's called "Indo-European Cultural Area".
The hallmark of Indo-European culture is, after all, the belief in a plethora of gods. (P.195)
Indo-European people have developed a returning view of history. History is the idea of drawing or circulating circles, just as the four seasons repeat summer and winter. If so, history has no clear beginning or end. The history of India-Europe was to talk about the worlds that are born and perish, just as life and death alternate forever.
The two major eastern religions, Hinduism and Buddhism, have their origins in Indo-Europe. (P.197)
The people of Sem were, surprisingly, already worshiping a single god from an early stage. This is "monotheism". Judaism and Islam are based on the idea that God is the only one.
What is more common to Sem is a "linear view of history". It means that history goes straight. One day, God made history, and history began there. But one day, history is over, and at that time both the living and the dead will be judged by God. The Last Judgment will be held.
The point of the three major religions in the west lies in this historical perspective. (P.199)
The difference between Sem and Indo-European culture is mentioned elsewhere, but in a sense it is "the opposite". Japan is "polytheistic" and "gentle reincarnation". If anything, it is Indo-European. I think it is the result of Buddhist culture linked to the beliefs peculiar to Japan.
I thought that Western culture was "inherited" and "developed" from ancient Greece (classical Greece), but it seems that is not the case. It is Greek (Hellenistic) in the sense of "absolute view of reason", but is it Sem-like (Christian) in the sense of evolution (straight and one-way development)? Medieval philosophers (religious people) were trying to connect these two trends.
Renaissance
In the Christian world, when "Greek culture was rediscovered" (P.256), reason was clear "self (ego)". It will be.
Since the Renaissance, humans are no longer just creatures. He naturally goes out and remakes it the way he wants. Human beings say that creatures are amazing creatures, even if they are creatures (P.261)
"Self" is "I" and "((I)" It is "society / nation" or "human beings" to which I belong. "Now" is "the cutting edge of history". The will of God appears in "history", and the process of realizing "will of God" is the process of realizing "reason." In other words, "God's will appears as reason, and my will is God's will."
But our time doesn't always go the same way. As a generation grows, it grows older. Well, the story goes on and on. Have you ever thought that the history of Europe is like the life of a human being? Ancient times are European childhood. Then a long medieval. This is my school days in Europe. Now that the long school days are over, it's time for young Europe to finally jump into life. The Renaissance can be said to be Europe's fifteenth birthday. (P.248)
This is probably the center of the author's thinking. The importance of "15th birthday", that is, "14th birthday" appears here. Then, are you an adult now? Or is it old age? I would like to ask the author.
The link between history and "individual (individual) growth" is manifested in the phrase "ontogeny repeats phylogeny" (Heckel). At first glance, the reincarnation and the linear view of history seem to be well integrated. However, it is a "fake", and it is expected that this will easily lead to "humanity supreme theory" and "social Darwinism."
Only in the seventeenth century did philosophers separate their minds and bodies. All material things, including the animal and human bodies, are explained in a mechanical process. (P.300)
In other words, puberty is the process of separation of "mind and body". Certainly, the body that we haven't been concerned about until now appears as "the one that confronts ourselves" and "the object that we control."
Your body is independent of your will. And it's not quite what you want.
Illuminati
The Illuminati thought that humankind would make great progress as long as reason and knowledge spread. This was the only theme of this era. If this was resolved, the enlightened human race would emerge, without any irrationality or ignorance. (P.401-402)
"It was supposed to be", but that is not the case. With a separate "mind and body", Western Europe continues to suffer. And the "puberty" of humankind will be extended more and more.
After appearing as "controlling" and "controlling", that is, "others", "your body" is completely "dominated" or completely "excluded". Until it ends, I will continue to bother the "ego".
It is difficult to "completely" control others. For example, "dog training". Humans cannot even control (control) their own bodies. Is it easier to train a dog? We control water to control rivers (“water”), but how far has it been? In Japan, river floods occur somewhere every year.
"Eliminate" anything that cannot be controlled. It seems that GHQ was annoyed by "Aedes mosquitoes" and filled the ponds and swamps in the neighborhood. It's really Western, isn't it?
The third method is to make a contract with another person. As I noticed today, I was saying "The winner is ..." on the iPad commercial. In Japanese, we also say "win in elections", but in Japanese, the winner is not a "winner" but a "winner". I was talking to a friend the other day and I said, "In Western Europe, individuals are always in conflict, so we need a contract, and the winner has absolute authority." That doesn't mean you can do anything. " That's true in Japan. "We value the opinions of the minority" (to eliminate the harmful effects of the majority vote) is often said in Japan (both winners and losers). But that would deny the "majority vote" and would be confusing. I think in Western Europe, "the winner is willing to do anything." Elections (majority vote) are contracts that "follow the winner." So is the trial. It is a contract to "follow the judgment". Without such a premise, neither parliamentary democracy nor the court system would be possible.
There is another way to eliminate the friction. It is not "object (other)" but "eliminating" ego "". It is not "control (ownership)" or "exclusion" of nature, but "human beings return to nature".
"Go back to nature" has become a new slogan. But the Illuminati used nature almost synonymously with reason. Because reason is not something that human beings are forced to do from churches and civilizations, but something that comes from nature. (P.402)
The problem is not "ego" but "reason". In Western Europe, reason (or logic based on reason) is very important.
Originally, it was thought that "human beings have reason", but there is a reversal that "human beings have reason". The indicator that distinguishes between humans and non-humans is whether or not they have reason. Pigs, cows, and plants have no reason, so they are not "humans." Foreigners who admit that they are "reasonable" are "humans," but those who are considered "irrational" are not humans.
The people that Westerners (Westerners) have used as "slave" are "irrational" and "not human". One of the judgments as to whether it is rational or not is "words (Logos, λόγος)". What you can't talk about isn't rational. "Barbaroi (βάρβαροι)" in ancient Greece is the etymology of the English word "barbarian", but it means "speak strange words". Barbaroi's words are not rational because they are incomprehensible.
On the contrary, even if you don't understand the language, if you can understand each other, it will be respected as a human being. Even if it's a dog.
Incomprehensible things, such as "madmen," are not humans, even if they can talk. Similarly, children are not humans. What I don't understand is that for men, women are also "eternal mysteries", not humans.
Descartes (March 31, 1596-February 11, 1650)
Descartes puts philosophical truths in mathematics. I tried to show it properly like the theorem. Descartes tried to use the tool we use when calculating, that is, "reason." (P.301)
By changing the "fifth postulate (axiom) = parallel postulate" of Euclidean geometry, another mathematical system can be created. If there is a different theorem (axiom), another system holds.
The theorem used by Descartes, "reason," is just "logos" and "words." The language used by Descartes is "Indo-European (Indo-European)", which is the same as French and Greek.
The characteristic of Indo-European language is a clear "subject = predicate structure". Aristotle's logic, such as "the same law (A is A and not B at the same time)" and "the law of excluded middle (A is either A or not A)" is " It is the grammatical structure of Indo-European language that "subject = predicate".
Kant (Immanuel Kant, Ateji is "Kan", April 22, 1724-February 12, 1804)
"A then B" There is "causality". This is also derived from "subject = predicate structure".
Causality is eternal and absolutely correct. The only reason is that human reason captures all events in relation to cause and effect (P.416)
We humans cannot take off these sunglasses of reason. It can be said (P.415)
Reason is the same as Descartes' theorem, and is the grammatical structure of Indian and European languages. To say that human beings have reason means that "Indo-European language is reason."
According to Kant, there are two factors for human beings to recognize the world. One is that it comes from the outside and you can't know it unless you feel it. This is a recognition material . The other is the internal condition of human beings that regards everything as a causal event in time and space. This is the form of cognition (P.418)
the ability to distinguish right from wrong is born like all other qualities of reason. We can all understand the universal law of morality, just as we have the reason to think that an event has a cause. The law of morality is absolutely correct, just like the law of nature. (P.425-426)
This form of recognition is culture. Sunglasses called reason are Western culture. The impact of language on culture is difficult, but it is clear that these sunglasses, or thinking styles, are similar to the Indo-European "subject predicate style". And I think that it is the "subject and object / object", that is, the "main customer structure" itself.
Kant also said that there are clear limits to what humans can know. You can think that the sunglasses of reason have this limit (P.419)
The sunglasses of reason and the structure of Indo-European grammar are one way of thinking and one. It sets the limits of recognition.
Romanticism
It was a genius's ideal to be sloppy, and being sloppy was cool as a romanticist. Tasting life or pursuing a dream of escaping life was the supreme command for Romantics. You can leave your daily activities to the profane (P.444)
I love the "sloppy" way of life. I don't know if it's the "ideal of a genius". At that time, it would have been a "rich privilege". I remember the word "decadence". It's the end of the 19th century. Also, the "hippie culture" of the 1960s. It is the rebellion of young people who felt antipathy to say "labor supreme principle" and "human beings work". And it was never just an exercise for the sons of the productive class. He proved that he could do it without working. It's been more than half a century since then, and although it is said that productivity has increased, the amount of work has not decreased at all.
Helder thought it was a process towards a goal in the course of history. Therefore, Helder's view of history is called a dynamic view of history. The historical views of the Enlightenment philosophers were usually static. The Illuminati thought that there was only one universal reason, which appeared strongly and weakly in different times. Helder, on the other hand, said that each era of history has irreplaceable value, and that each nation and culture has its own personality, the heart of the nation. The only question is how we can understand different times and cultures (P.448)
static and dynamic, absolute. Being relative to being. I think Western thought is a repetition of that sway. It seems to be an amplitude that goes back and forth between Indo-Europe and Sem, polytheism and monotheism, creation myth and reincarnation.
Being static and absolute is essential for "recognition". For one thing, it's easier to recognize what's stopped. For example, look after passing through a cloud chamber or a dry plate when detecting elementary particles. The illness is progressing (changing), but I take an X-ray. Fill out the medical record. It is said that it captures the cross section of the movement (flow), but it does not try to see the movement itself. "Self-identity" is the premise of logic. What you see may be stopped for the time you recognize it. But the sound hasn't stopped.
When you say "running", it's likely that you're running, but when you say "running," you don't know if you're running. "The flow of the river is constant and not the original water." ("Hojoki") is difficult to think of the river as "flowing water" and "dynamically" as a movement. about it. By putting the movement in parentheses and catching it "statically", you can recognize the "river". Because "flowing water" itself is not a "river".
Self-identity is "identity". The "ID card" is in the state it was in when it was made, so you can always make a difference from reality. It's not just the camera that makes a driver's license photo look different from a real face.
And it requires the absolute existence of the "self" that is the subject of recognition and the "other (object)" that is the object. The relationship must not be shaken, at least as long as you are aware of it.
Hegel (Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, August 27, 1770-November 14, 1831)
"But Hegel said,'The truth is basically. I denied Kant's idea that there is truth on or outside of human reason, thinking that it is subjective. (P.462)
The human cognitive foundation depends on the times. I thought it would change, so there is no eternal truth or eternal reason. The only thing that philosophers can count on is history itself (P.463)
< p> Individuals are born in a historic environment, just as they are born in words. No one can have a free relationship with this environment. For those who are unfamiliar with the nation. He is a non-historical person. The great philosophers of Athenai also thought this way (P.473)
The last sentence is the position of Socrates itself (Platon). Was against it). In the current language, it would be "national gacha". Young people in modern Japan are also in the flow of Socrates and Hegel.
Hegel has abandoned the existence of the object "externally" in order to eliminate the "main-customer structure (main-customer conflict)" of the subject of recognition and the object that is the object. .. You cannot see the "object" when you close your eyes. If you focus on "seeing", you don't even know if it exists. However, there is "I" who recognizes (thinks) even if he closes his eyes. That "I" was created by language, society, nation, and history. So, even if the existence of a "visible" object is uncertain, language, society, nation, and history must exist. It is necessary because it is necessary for the existence of "I". The ego's existence is based on the existence of others, so they are necessary. "Main-customer conflict" is a struggle that never disappears.
Kierkegaard (Danish: Søren Aabye Kierkegaard, May 5, 1813-November 11, 1855)
Kierkegaard is also a subjective truth (sub). It is also said that it is (jective). This doesn't mean we can believe in anything and think about it. Kierkegaard said that the really important truth is personal. Only the subjective truth is this truth for me (P.486)
It is not important that Christianity is the truth. It is important that Christianity is true to me. In the Middle Ages, the same thing was described as "Clade Queer Apsuldum" (P.487)
I couldn't believe it because of absurdity. It's a bullshit, so I have to believe it. If Christianity appealed to reason in the first place, faith would not have been a problem (P.487-488)
Assuming that there was "objective truth" However, it is not the "objective being" that thinks it is "correct", but the "thinking person" and the "individual individual". Kierkegaard is said to be the founder of existentialism, but he sought the truth from the individual concrete being, the "existential individual," rather than the objective and abstract truth. However, this is the result of the "bloated Western ego" seeking "self-identity of the ego". This itself is a self-contradiction (self-reference, tautology), isn't it? The assumptions and conclusions are the same. This is because we are asking the ego whether or not it exists. Even if "truth is subjective", it is also subjective to consider that subjectivity as subjective.
Karl Marx (Germany: Karl Marx, May 5, 1818-March 14, 1883)
Hegel has eliminated his objective existence in history. Marx admits that. In the process, he criticized the objectivity that Hegel had recovered to the subject as spiritualism, and threw the existence back to the object. He tried to put the desk upside down. This is the so-called "historic materialism". Then he tried to think about the relationship between human existence and the object (nature).
When he was young, before becoming a communist, Marx was interested in what was happening to working people. Hegel was also doing such an analysis and thought that a mutual dialectical relationship would hold between humans and nature. When humans work, they naturally reach out and make traces on them, but in the process of this labor, nature also reaches out to humans and leaves marks on human consciousness (). P.506)
I don't know how far Marx was able to resolve conflicts such as "materialism and materialism," "subject and object," and "human and nature." It is certain that he ran into "questions" while writing "Das Kapital". I think it wasn't just "economic". Most of the time, the question is "shelved" as a question and "written" anyway. But I think Marx was too "fresh". He could say he was childish. He may have been looking good.
I don't know because there is no cohesive work after "Das Kapital", but as Engels (or Lenin) says, it was not a simple thing like "only matter exists". Probably.
Darwin (Charles Robert Darwin, February 12, 1809-April 19, 1882)
Darwin's theory of evolution tends to be regarded as "weak meat and strong food", but Darwin Just says "natural selection". He says that he seems to be "survival of the fittest," but I think that is one-sided. He is not a philosopher. His book, The Origin of Species (1859), describes the "process (origin)" of various species.
About Darwin, I can only understand what is written in the junior high school textbook. The theory of evolution came to terms with the Catholic Church in 1996, but the idea that history (of the evolution of living things) flows linearly in one direction is familiar to Christianity, the religion of Sem. The pinnacle of that evolution is now, and we are humans. "Egocentrism (selfishness)" appears there as well.
Another thing that is centrally talked about in Darwinian evolution is "mutation" and "survival of the fittest." Individuals in the species mutate. This is still talked about as a mutation in the gene. Darwin thought of "mutation" as something other than artificial "breeding", but I think it is still considered "accidental" why gene mutations occur. Even if the mutation itself is "inevitable", the probability of mutation can be calculated. Mutations that are favorable to survival and mutations that are unfavorable occur by chance. It is also a coincidence whether the individual has fertility. And it is also a coincidence whether the gene "survives (is inherited)".
Now, the mutant strain of the new coronavirus is in question. But no one tries to explain why the mutation is happening. Even if there is a fact that it is "discovered", it is only "the result of the mutation".
Is it true that "the whole changes when the individual changes", which is the basis of the evolution theory of the Darwin system? Now suppose that one "new species" is born. It is difficult to define "species", but here we will assume that they are fertile and can leave offspring. Even if the species survives, it is clear that the gene does not survive. If you are sexually reproducing, you need a companion. The probability that two individuals will have the same mutation is one-squared of one individual. It is even less likely that offspring will be born and survive. Well, it's a "coincidence", so it's not zero. You can have a mysterious face saying, "Life is so precious," but what about the theory? It may be something that no one can prove.
Kinji Imanishi says, "It will change to change" and "The seeds will change as a whole." It's a confusing expression. I think Imanishi "denied the Western logic that the parts were gathered together."
Individual individuals can be easily seen, but the "species themselves" cannot be seen. You can see "one dog", but you cannot see "the dog itself" or "the whole dog". I think this is exactly what Plato had in his "idea theory". You can see each and every "good deed". But "good" itself cannot be seen. Hideo Kobayashi has "beautiful" flowers ", and there is no such thing as the beauty of" flowers ". When I say, I mean this. Plato plays Socrates and asks the wise men all over Athens (to sprinkle discussion). But no one answers (refutes) properly. After all, Socrates will be sentenced to death. It may be that Jesus Christ carried not the sin of Sem but the sin of Indo-Europe as Socrates.
Why do Indo-European people see from "individuals" and "parts" and "from what they see"? I still don't know. This is because I have a similar "thinking style". However, "seeing from the individual" is parallel to "thinking about me." The existence of "I" is "existing" as an absolute premise. And there are others as "what makes that existence". In other words, we are always looking for "self-identity." In other words, "the quest for existence value (raison d'etre)".
Freud (Germany: Sigmund Freud, May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939)
"Self" is "self-consciousness." Because "I am because I think". However, Freud begins to think that it is outrageous. It is "unconscious".
Consciousness is like the tip of an iceberg protruding from the surface of the sea. Below the surface, that is, under the threshold of consciousness, there is "underconsciousness" or "unconsciousness" (P.551)
Freud, as well as many philosophers and religious people. Have "mystical experiences" or "distressed by delusions". I am in danger of the collapse of my ego. What was the "voice of Daimon (Daimon? / Demon?)" That Socrates was hearing? What was the "devil's temptation" that afflicted Jesus Christ and Buddha? What was Heidegger's "El Aiknis" and Nishida Kitaro's "Enlightenment"?
Anyway, they "returned" to "this side" (although Nietzsche didn't come back). It's very difficult to come back and say what they said. The unconscious cannot be consciously explained. I don't think Freud is saying "the unconscious exists." Rather, he might have tried to put the "existence of consciousness" itself in parentheses.
Immediately after birth, we live straight and unabashedly, regardless of our physical and psychological desires. I cry if I want milk. After all, I cry when my diaper gets wet. Express frankly whether you want to be kind or want a skinship. Freud named this principle of instinct, or "pleasure principle," which we have, "es", or "id" in Latin. (P.549)
I haven't confirmed if Freud says "instinct", but I think it means "es" in Japanese, but even it . It cannot be "explained" or "proved of existence." it certainly seems to exist. It also seems that we (Heidegger's "Dasein") are driven by it . But it is not consciousness, and it is hard to even call it "self".
Sartre (France: Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre, June 21, 1905-April 15, 1980)
Human beings exist Sartre said that knowing that one day he would have to die, and above all, that it didn't make any sense. (P.581)
Sartre also says that humans feel estranged (Flemt) in a meaningless world. He feels alienated. I feel like I'm alone and thrown out of place, and the people around me are aloof and lonely. When we say "alienation" of human beings, Sartre accepts the core of Hegel's and Marx's ideas. Sartre said that when humans feel that they are strangers in this world, they are struck by despair, malaise, vomiting, and absurdity. It depicts a human being in the city of the century. Renaissance humanists have praised human freedom and independence. However, for Sartre, human freedom was a curse. Sartre wrote, "Human beings are sentenced to freedom." Freedom is destined for humans. This is because humans did not make themselves free. Even though it is thrown out to the world, it is my responsibility no matter what I do (same as above)
Yesterday, " Battle of the Sexys ”. The sense of domination and equality is different between Westerners and Japanese. "Egoism" is not "selfish" or "selfish". "Equality" and "freedom" are needed where the ego (we) collide. In Japan, where the existence of "we" is thin, egoism is regarded as "selfishness" and "selfishness", but in Western Europe, "egoism" is "natural" and even "what human beings should be". Feminism is a battle of "a woman is also an ego" and "a woman is also a human being", and a battle of "acknowledge the egoism of a woman". Isn't it difficult to accept in Japan?
"You have to be free" but "not free", "you have to be equal" but "not equal", "you have to find yourself and live your own way" But "I can't find myself". These are said to be modern spells, but they are the Western spells themselves.
Sartre argued that there was no fixed meaning to life, but that didn't mean he didn't care about anything. In other words, Sartre wasn't a nihilist ... there's nothing meaningful, so he's the one who says anything is forgiven. Sartre thought that life couldn't be meaningless . This is an inescapable rule. Moreover, we must create the meaning of our lives ourselves. To exist means to create your own existence. "(P.582-583)
It is just a" raison d'etre ". It's an idea that has emerged in Western European cities (including the city-state "Police") (I don't think the author understands nihilism). Neither my existence nor the existence of apples has any meaning. However, I gave the apple the meaning of "eat". Even if it doesn't mean that, apples still exist. That's why my existence "can't be meaningless".
Sartre was said to be "ugly". For him, who is ugly, the reason for his existence would have been the biggest problem. However, I think it was the "curse of self" that he was trapped in. Ask a beautiful woman, a handsome man. I'm sure they also admit that they are, but think, "No, it's not."
Our time
I am living in Japan now (2022) (probably actually, actually). I spent my youth in the second half of the 20th century. That is the memory of my experience. After receiving postwar democracy education, I learned that "freedom," "equality," and "democracy" are supreme. And I lived with anger that the reality was not "ideal".
By the time I retired, I did a lot of things and couldn't do most of the things. There is more regret than satisfaction. At that time, I thought that reality should be like this, when I did something I thought I should do it, and when I couldn't do it, I thought I should have done it.
Since I was a kid, I hated being forced by people. I hate "morality". I had a dislike for the word "ethics". From some time ago, I started to say that I should do this. And I thought that I should "do" to force others to "do this". But maybe from around high school, I started thinking, "If I don't like coercion, I can't force people." "What should I do? I just couldn't read the book (Lenin). And it still bothers me as the "biggest problem".
1989, "Tiananmen Square Incident" and "Fall of the Berlin Wall". The bubble burst and the world suddenly flowed into "neoliberalism." The labor movement has also been sluggish.
Book pressure
I like books. But I was not good at reading. Because it takes time to read. The number of books I want to read is increasing, but only a few of them can be read. I've been poor for a long time, so I was very disappointed that I couldn't buy it, and I wanted to be able to buy the book I wanted. However, when I think about it now, the fact that I can't buy it may have been a kind of "indulgence". Still, I went around the second-hand bookstore, found a bargain, and bought it. I got a book in the trunk of my car at the library's "Recycling City" (free distribution of unnecessary books).
As a result, I had a lot of "unread" books in my house. One of my favorite books since high school is Atsushi Nakajima's "Character". I understand the feelings of the hero. I think this feeling is the feeling of Atsushi Nakajima.
The "sense of duty" of "I have to read a book must " was about to crush me (even now). But there are countless books out there. Even if the National Diet Library has 10 million books, it is insignificant from the viewpoint of books all over the world. And definitely new books are being published at many times the speed I read. In other words, no matter how hard you try, your dissatisfaction will only grow with indigestion.
Being rational, being logical
Reading a book is the same as being rational.
Who are you? (P.10)
The story of this book began with this word drawn on a piece of paper. In other words, it is all about philosophy to explain "what is" I "" logically (theoretically). It is "what is human being" and "what is nature". It means "what is" subject "" and "what is" object (object / existence) "". That leads to various questions such as "what is God (religion)", "what is society", and "what is history".
But can that be explained?
Logic is logic, "Logos (λογός)". It is "Εν αρχῇ ῆν ὴν ὁ λογός, καὶ ὁ λόγος (with words at the beginning)" ("Gospel of John" Chapter 1 1.1). Speaking of Western logic, the struggle with "logic (reason)" begins when humans speak.
Long human adolescence
Western philosophy is full of nostalgia for "pre-language". I miss the era when the world and myself were together (integrated), and the era of "children" before they became self-conscious (extremely speaking, the desire to "return to the womb"). In order to get back there, I have uttered various "words". That painful "cry" is Western philosophy. But adults can't go back to children. Even if there is "eternal life" (my sentence " Is there an AV actress? ").
By having "self", human beings have become "existence that has to exist" as beings "isolated" and "peeled" from the "world". is.
I have is before what I am . When this is shortened, it becomes Sartre's famous expression that "existence precedes essence" (P.580)
The definition of human essence is that human beings are essentially like this. is. According to Sartre, humans do not have that essence. Humans must create themselves from scratch. Humans have to create their essence. There is no such thing in the first place (same as above)
I think it is "puberty" that people are confused when they are asked for something that is "not originally".
Western philosophy has continued to seek it. It is neither "natural" nor "natural" nor "what humanity should be". It does not mean that "Western Europe is the most advanced" or "excellent".
Western adolescence seems to be covering the world. I don't know if it is "truth". When will Western puberty disappear? It doesn't seem to me to be an "adult".
I recently think that "puberty" is not "any era, any country", everyone.