I don't know how to get this book. It's not marked for library recycling, and it wasn't given to me by a friend. There is also a "sales card" (for bookstores) and a "reader's postcard". The colophon reads, "May 30, 1988, 10th printing." Did you buy it or did you steal it from the bookstore (sweat)? If I steal it, I'll steal a different book, and I don't think I'll buy it. Certainly, it is an attractive title "for me now".
I love books
However, together with Georges Duhamel, the patron of books, I believe that mass communication such as movies and radio is merely information. They firmly believe that true learning and knowledge can only be acquired through books. If, as Duhamel puts it, spiritual culture is at the same time the expression and result of a single effort,'' then American mechanisticism, which only seeks to reduce effort, is inevitably true culture. It weakens the mind, dementing humans, and eventually makes humans, who should be masters of machines, slaves to machines. (P.3, Translated by "Introduction")
I love books too. I love "collecting and owning" rather than "reading". Having said that, I don't have money, so I can't buy "high (price)" books. I have a lot of "cheap" books. As a result, a lot of "unread books" accumulate.
However, I don't have any "e-books" (I bought one, Tsubasa Hazuki's photo book just before my points expired).
Nowadays, you can look up anything on the internet. Is "Aozora Bunko" 25 years old this year? I hope that you will continue to do your best in the future (I'm sorry for the works of artists whose release was canceled due to the influence of TPP). I also use Wikipedia a lot.
A friend of mine told me the other day, "Nowadays, you can look up anything without a dictionary. You don't have to walk around with a heavy dictionary or bother to look it up." said.
When I read a book, I always draw a red line. When I was a student, I borrowed a book from the library and made a copy of it. Because I couldn't buy books (especially technical books). Photocopiers were just beginning to appear at the time, but copying books was unthinkable (because it was simply too expensive. This was a problem before copyright concerns. Nowadays, copying can be cheaper.) ). "Draw" is overwhelmingly "faster" and "efficient" than "write down". But to do that, you have to "own" the book. I don't know well, but e-books may also be "a line can be drawn". The sense of "having (possessing)" may be different from today's young people. If books (including photobooks), movie DVDs, and game software are available on the Internet and can be viewed and played at any time, they are hard and heavy. You may have a strong sense that you do not have to own it as a physical "object" that you can "touch". Moving is difficult when you have a lot of books.
All you need is a laptop, tablet, or mobile phone (smartphone). I'm worried about power outages.
Letters and Printing
This book begins with the history of letters. There is no "book" without "letters".
As far as I know, there are two "traditions" about the beginning of letters. One is Sumer (Mesopotamia). It is said that the king wrote a letter to convey his orders (“The Sumerians thought that writing was born out of the need to write letters.” “Sumer: The oldest human civilization” by Toshiko Kobayashi, Chuko Shinsho, p.33). The other is the beginning of kanji. It is said that the origin of writing in China is said to have been created by Cang Ji when he saw the footprints of birds walking on the sandy beach during the reign of the Yellow Emperor and realized that concepts could be expressed in the same way, just as the types of birds can be identified from the footprints. (Wikipedia)
Both are folklore, but there is a big difference. In Sumer, writing was invented to "convey will". In other words, there was (as a tendency) "subjectivity" or "subjectivity". In China, on the other hand, characters were invented as an abstract expression of consciousness and recognition (not will). Of course, after that in China, the ruling class strengthened its control over writing, and continued to use and monopolize writing. However, the fact that such lore remains in Sumer seems to have influenced subsequent Hebraism, as well as the germination of Greek and European subjectivity philosophies.
In any case, I think that the essence of characters is that they exist as "expressions" and "externalizations" of "will" and "consciousness." Therefore, the difference in how to deal with characters (books) comes out from there.
It is not just "expression" or "externalization", but "conveying" it (although "expressing" already has "conveying" as a factor) If it is a purpose, there is a person to tell it. It can be "one person", "third party" or "many people". A "love letter" or "message letter" is a declaration of intention to a specific person, but can be read by a third party. Since "confession of love" and "whispering in the ear" also have the possibility of being "eavesdropped", "expression" itself has that possibility. On the other hand, "family crests", "(Sumerian) seals" and "notices" were intended from the beginning to be intended for third parties. It is hard to think of printing a love letter, but if you want to convey it to many people, you will need to "print" or "copy" it.
Writing on wood, paper, papyrus, or parchment is vulnerable to water (humidity) and fire, and it wears out and disappears quickly. Writings on clay tablets, bones, and tortoise shells will eventually disappear. Love letters and espionage orders may be better if they "automatically disappear" (old!), but other things that "tell" need to be "transcribed" in order not to disappear. Most of the so-called "classics" that remain today do not have "originals". "Only manuscripts (or "manuscripts of manuscripts...") remain.
It is more important to consider why the "ideas" of "original (prototype book, P.21)" and "copy" are born rather than "what is the original?" is.
Reading and Writing
Print was, in its early days, a cheap substitute for manuscript--Elsatz. rice field. (P.71)
Manuscripts (or "shakyo" in the East) became a business, and along with printing, it became an industry.
"Reading" and "writing" will be separated. I think this corresponds to the separation of "seeing", "hearing", "speaking" and "touching", as well as the separation of subject and object, and the separation of mind and body. .
Consciousness, which has become an objective reality, accumulates more and more along with printed matter. A spirit that has lost its ground with separation cannot be satisfied. There is no such thing as "I'm satisfied with this".
Subjectivity is a self-sufficient principle. Subjectivity is not a self-sufficient principle, and we must say that here we see the paradise lost character of the subjectivity principle, its lack of blessings. ("Lectures Heidegger and Western Metaphysics" Kusakabe Written by Yoshinobu, Koyo Shobo, P.25)
"Paradise Lost" will not be a legend, but a "reality".
Books are thus a form of objectified human memory made permanent and faithful, supplementing individual human subjective and temporary non-faithful memories. It can also be said that (P.10)
Usually, your appetite is satisfied by eating. But the mind, separated from the body, is never satisfied. A person whose appetite is not satisfied by eating may be said to have his body invaded by his spirit. Conversely, anorexia (loss of appetite) and insomnia may also be affected by the mind.
However, to say that the spirit and the body (the self and nature) exist separately is arrogance'' and ``arrogance'' of the spirit. The “subjectivity” that longs for paradise longs for the separated body and nature. For the time being, I have a longing for consciousness that has become an objective reality, that is, "characters," "books," or "intelligence (knowledge)." And the object "knowledge (knowledge)" is steadily accumulating.
This is because the pursuit of objects inevitably results in individualization, segmentation, and refinement. Idealization, sharpening, individualization, refinement, and segmentation are the tendencies rooted in the nature of object chemical knowledge (science). ("Lectures Heidegger and Western Metaphysics" Same as above , P.8)
The more you seek, the more distance you create. Subjectivity (self) becomes relatively small. But I think it's subjective. "I want to know", "I should know". And the increase of objective knowledge is called "progress (evolution)". Getting closer to the target is the "correct" and "should be done" thing. For that "progressive view of history", increasing knowledge is the "right thing" and "what should be done". That's why I can't help thinking that today is better than yesterday.
For the progressive view of history, history is nothing more than the "past" that has been overcome. ("Lectures Heidegger and Western Metaphysics" Same as above , P.20)
That is "history," and it is precisely the "history of books."
The author is
This book, which can be called a collective memory, is completed in the mind of one individual--the author--and has a certain power, a certain power, in another mind--the mind of the reader. Can we describe and understand the processes by which species influence? (P.11)
explains the purpose of writing this book.
History of Printing
The second half of this book is "History of Printing". "History of letters" and "history of books" are the history of printing. But there is no discontinuity like "the invention of letters". It spells out the "progress" of type and printing machines. "Who made what kind of type when?" "Who made what type of machine when?" I don't feel like remembering it. I think it would have been a great book if there were actual font samples and explanatory diagrams of how the machine works. But if you do that, the price of the book will increase by an order of magnitude.
Woodblocks and metal plates became print, and then they were digitized. Metal type is disappearing more and more, and it is a font of digital data. "Calligrapher" and "scribe" become "copyist" and "copyist", and then become "selector" and "compositor". Now it is "character input work", "data input work", "operator" and so on.
And that will give birth to printing houses, printing companies, and publishers as an industry. Industry creates workers. Companies create guilds, and workers create mutual aid associations and unions. Legal rights, copyright and translation rights are also established. Libraries were built, and books became familiar to workers.
This book was originally published in 1954. At that time there was no internet, no computers, no mobile phones. But they are just an extension of the "books".
The loss of data
The history of books is the history of countless books lost There is, but what is not left does not exist in "history". Only things that are handed down and copied make history.
I have a lot of floppy disks at home. A floppy disk is a magnetic disk. If you don't write to it again, it loses its magnetism. There may not be many discs that can be read anymore. There are also CDs and DVDs, but they are getting worse and worse. These must be copied to another disk or data will be lost. The one I'm using now is a hard disk. The capacity is more than 1 million times that of a floppy disk or CD. These, too, suddenly become inaccessible. Over a billion characters will disappear in no time. Therefore, the data is protected by writing the same data to two (or more) disks and replacing it when one becomes inaccessible.
We also store data on disks on the Internet. The server is rented very cheaply, but I back it up on another company's server just in case the service is canceled or the company is gone.
Services are often suspended or terminated. It's hard to imagine that Google, Apple, or Microsoft will go bankrupt (that would be the "bankruptcy" of capitalism), but the terms of services are constantly being changed and services are being discontinued (without even knowing it). Even for e-books and video works purchased online, there is no telling when the service will end.
Not only can you not see it (unusable, right to use) due to a power outage, but you may also lose the fact that you have it (owning it, owning it). .
Manuscript, transcribe, search (searching)
When I read a book, I I wrote at the beginning that I would draw . Recently, I've been able to afford time and mentally, so I'm writing it out. I type on my computer instead of writing. It's easy to search for later. At that time, I discover a lot of things that I didn't notice when I read it. I think it's a little closer to what the author intended. I also write in books. I will also enter it at the time of excerpt. And I feel Making manuscripts (copying sutras) is the best way to understand the book. I don't think it was because there was no copy machine or because it was for training.
I think that the effort and time to create excerpts is wasted, but that is definitely not the case. When searching, instead of using Google, I feel that the time spent searching is important if I hold a dictionary in my hand and look it up. And when you find the target word, you can see the words before and after it. That's another discovery. There is another word in the explanation of words. It's also a discovery. This is not an internet search. It's just like going to an actual bookstore instead of Amazon. Isn't "searching" not just "searching" but "discovery"?
I don't compare the excerpts with the originals in detail, but there are quite a few mistakes. Sometimes I wonder if it looks like a simple typo that's pulling into my own thoughts. In the past, people who transcribed books must have made "wrong spellings" that brought them closer to the way they thought at the time. Also, didn't you include "notes" of your own thoughts there? This may be why the manuscripts that have been handed down are so different.
Remaining books and history
"Once uploaded to the Internet, it spreads without disappearing." Many dramas have been made with the theme of "being done". Certainly, net disks continue to grow and be replaced. Will it continue to grow “infinitely”? Will it be said that "I have nothing to upload anymore" someday?
It depends on the character of the original "character". It was the externalization of consciousness and intention. It's targeted. No matter how much subjectivity (subject) tries to express existence (in Heidegger's term, "existence") as object (object), it cannot come close to existence itself (nature, or "I" itself). In that sense, the posts will continue indefinitely.
The only way to stop it is to realize that you can't express yourself or to eliminate the subjective/objective structure.
Actually, books continue to be lost, and data continues to be lost (discarded). Why did the writings of Plato and Aristotle survive and the writings of Parmenides disappear? In other words, who selected the articles featured in today's news (wideshow)? Is it the information I'm looking for, or is it the information everyone is looking for, and who created that algorithm and with what intentions?
Yes. As long as the "intention" is based on subjectivity, regardless of the content, things that are in line with that subjectivity will be largely taken up and will remain. And isn't that what makes "history"? I think so.
This sentence I wrote will not survive. Unfortunately I think so. (laughs)