別に「今昔物語」を読みたかったわけではなく、日本における「識字」文化の発達と西洋論理学との関係について調べたかったので、斜め読みしました。
今昔物語はこの本にある通り、漢字の文章に「ニ、テ、ス」などの助詞などの補助語がカタカナで付けてあります（国宝・今昔物語集（鈴鹿家旧蔵本、京都大学電子図書館））。江戸時代まで、知識人の男性は「漢文」で読み書きしていたと思っていた私は衝撃を受けました。例えば、「古事記」は漢字のみで書かれていますし、ほぼ同時代の「源氏物語」という女性文学はほとんどがひらがな（一部漢字）で書かれています。
そこで私は、今昔物語は元の漢文が有って、それを写し取るときに「読み下し文」のような形にしたのではないかと考えました。もちろん、インドや中国の話しは原典が有って、それは漢字で書かれていて中国から伝わったものでしょうが、作者がわからず、今昔物語が書かれた意図もわからないですが、著者・編者が知識人であることは間違いなく、だとすれば漢文で書くのが当然のような気がしたのです。もしそうだとすれば、時制のない漢語を日本語にするためには、書き写した人の解釈が入ってきます。それは「今は昔」の意味そのものまで違ってくるかもしれません。また、「不可有ス」とか「可哀ム」とか、日本語と対応していない漢字の表現も多い。
今昔物語には書かれていない巻や人物名や地域名が空白になっているところが多くあります。それは後から記入（書いたときははっきりとしなかったが、分かった時点で書こう）するものであったという説が有力です。だとすれば、漢文にする前の下書きだったのかもしれないとも思いました。
しかし、当時の非正式文書の文体（実用文体）として、このような漢文訓読文が広く使われていたようなので（僧侶のあいだで多く使われていたようなので、作者は僧侶かもしれません。内容的には仏教の布教と同時に当時の朝廷の正当性をわかり易く書いているようですが、どちらにも所属しないような話があるので、著者・編者の思い・迷いがあるようです。）、どちらでもいいと思うようになりました。また、この頃の日本語はまだ時制がはっきりしていなかったという話もあるので、漢文に拘る必要はないのではないかと。
それでは、日本における識字文化はどのように発展してきたのでしょうか。漢字が輸入されるまで、日本には文字がなかったと言われています（別にあってもいいけど）。そして、日本語を漢字で表す様々な工夫がありました。文化が輸入されるためには、その地にその文化を受け入れるだけの基盤（基礎）がなくてはなりません。ですから、日本にはその基盤が有ったのですし、そこには文字が有ったのかもしれません。少なくとも、仏教伝来とともに漢字は日本の仏教、そして朝廷の公文書として定着したのです。そして、漢字で日本語を表す工夫の一つとして仮名の発明がありました。そのことは、当時の話し言葉を書き言葉で表そうとしたとは言い切れません。話し言葉と書き言葉は違ってもいいし、仏教や朝廷の権威を示すためなら、違うほうがいいとも言えるからです。当時、庶民がどんな言葉を話していたかは分りませんが、宮中とは違う言葉だったような気がします（気がするだけです）。今でも支配階級が話す言葉は、日本語のようであり、しかも庶民にはわからない言葉ですから。（笑）
ともかくも、当時、文字を知っているのはほんの一部の人だけであり、ほとんどの人は豊かな口承文化の中にいたと思われます（それは、明治時代、あるいは江戸時代の末期まで続きます）。その一つの集大成が「今昔物語」という名前で残っているのです。口承文化では、時制はほとんど意味がありません。中世になって時制が確立するのですが、それは日本文化の大きな転換点だと思います。口承文化と識字文化の乖離であり、日本的論理の発生だと思います。
そしてそれが近世の欧米文化の輸入の基礎となりました（中国文化も日本独特の解釈が施されていたでしょう）。西洋論理学を日本では独自の方法で受け入れていったのです。それは明治政府の「殖産興業」政策で明確なものとなりました。資本主義は地域の文化を否定して発展するのではなく、西洋論理学を（暴力的に）強制しながらも、地域の文化を継承しています。日本には日本独特の資本主義の発達があります。それを利用しながら否定する財界の意向は今も続いています。そしてその動きの最終段階がコロナ禍です。資本にとって労働者は必要不可欠なものであると同時に一番遠ざけたいものです（奴隷の存在が奴隷制度にとっての最大の問題だったように）。日本政府は、労働組合解体で労働者が団結するのを抑え込み、スパイ法やテロ対策法で人々が集まることを阻止してきました。それと同時に、監視カメラ等で相互に監視し合う社会を作ってきました。テレビやパソコンの普及で、口承文化（それは共同体の基礎そのものです）は危機的な状況にありました。そして、最終的に「物理的に」人と人との結びつきをなくすためにコロナ禍を作り上げたのです。
新型コロナを信じるかどうかはどちらでもいいのです。大切なことは、それで失われるのが何かということをちゃんと見つけることです。それがあれば、コロナ後の世界を再構築することができます。もし、それを見つけられずに政府やマスコミの言うことを盲目的に信じるならば、コロナ後は想像に絶するような恐ろしい社会になってしまうでしょう。
⟨impressions⟩
I didn't want to read "Konjaku Monogatari" separately, but I wanted to investigate the relationship between the development of "literacy" culture in Japan and Western logic, so I read it diagonally.
As you can see in this book, Konjaku Monogatari has particles such as particles such as "ni, te, su" in katakana (National Treasure, Konjaku Monogatari Collection (former collection of the Suzuka family, Kyoto University Digital Library)). ). Until the Edo period, I was shocked to think that intellectual men were reading and writing in "Kanbun". For example, "Kojiki" is written only in kanji, and most of the women's literature called "The Tale of Genji" of the same period is written in hiragana (some kanji).
Therefore, I wondered if the story had the original Chinese text, and when I copied it, it was shaped like a "read-down text." Of course, the story of India and China has the original text, which was written in Chinese characters and probably came from China, but I do not know the author and I do not know the intention that the story was written in the past, but the author / editor There is no doubt that he is an intellectual, and if so, I felt that it was natural to write in Chinese. If so, in order to translate the tenseless Chinese into Japanese, the interpretation of the person who copied it comes in. It may even differ from the very meaning of "now is old". In addition, there are many expressions of kanji that do not correspond to Japanese, such as "impossible su" and "poor mu".
There are many places where volumes, person names, and area names that are not written in old and new stories are blank. The prevailing theory is that it was to be filled in later (it was not clear when I wrote it, but I will write it when I understand it). If so, I thought it might have been a draft before it was written in Chinese.
However, it seems that such a Kanbun reading sentence was widely used as the writing style (practical writing style) of informal documents at that time (it seems that it was often used among monks, so the author may be a monk. In terms of content, it seems that the legitimacy of the imperial court at that time is written in an easy-to-understand manner at the same time as the Buddhist mission, but since there is a story that does not belong to either, it seems that there are thoughts and hesitations of the author and editor.) I came to think that either one is fine. Also, there is a story that the tense of Japanese at that time was not clear yet, so I think it is not necessary to stick to Chinese writing.
So how has the literacy culture in Japan developed? It is said that there were no characters in Japan until the kanji was imported (although it may be different). And there were various ideas to express Japanese in kanji. In order for a culture to be imported, there must be a foundation (foundation) for accepting that culture. Therefore, Japan had that foundation, and there may have been letters there. At least, with the introduction of Buddhism, Kanji became established as an official document of Japanese Buddhism and the imperial court. And there was the invention of kana as one of the ideas to express Japanese in kanji. It cannot be said that I tried to express the spoken language at that time in written language. Spoken and written languages can be different, and it is better to show the authority of Buddhism and the imperial court. I don't know what the common people spoke at that time, but I think it was a different language from Miyanaka (I just feel it). Even now, the words spoken by the ruling class are like Japanese, and they are not understood by the common people. (Lol)
Anyway, at that time, only a few people knew the letters, and most of them seemed to be in a rich oral culture (which continued until the end of the Meiji or Edo period). Masu). The culmination of that one remains under the name "Konjaku Monogatari". In oral culture, tense makes little sense. The tense was established in the Middle Ages, and I think that is a major turning point in Japanese culture. It is a divergence between oral culture and literacy culture, and I think it is the origin of Japanese logic.
And that became the basis for the import of Western culture in the early modern period (Chinese culture would have been given a unique interpretation of Japan). Western logic was accepted in Japan in a unique way. It became clear in the Meiji government's "reproduction industry" policy. Capitalism does not develop by denying the local culture, but inherits the local culture while (violently) forcing Western logic. Japan has the development of capitalism peculiar to Japan. The intention of the business world to deny while using it is still continuing. And the final stage of that movement is the corona wreck. Workers are essential to capital and at the same time want to stay away from them (just as the existence of slavery was the biggest problem for slavery). The Japanese government has restrained workers from uniting due to the dismantling of trade unions and prevented people from gathering under the Spy Law and the Anti-Terrorism Law. At the same time, we have created a society in which surveillance cameras and other devices monitor each other. With the spread of television and personal computers, oral culture (which is the very foundation of the community) was in jeopardy. And finally, he created the corona sword to "physically" break the connection between people.
It doesn't matter if you believe in the new Corona. The important thing is to find out exactly what is lost. With it, the post-Corona world can be reconstructed. If you can't find it and blindly believe what the government and the media say, you'll end up with an unimaginably horrifying society after Corona.
I didn't want to read "Konjaku Monogatari" separately, but I wanted to investigate the relationship between the development of "literacy" culture in Japan and Western logic, so I read it diagonally.
As you can see in this book, Konjaku Monogatari has particles such as particles such as "ni, te, su" in katakana (National Treasure, Konjaku Monogatari Collection (former collection of the Suzuka family, Kyoto University Digital Library)). ). Until the Edo period, I was shocked to think that intellectual men were reading and writing in "Kanbun". For example, "Kojiki" is written only in kanji, and most of the women's literature called "The Tale of Genji" of the same period is written in hiragana (some kanji).
Therefore, I wondered if the story had the original Chinese text, and when I copied it, it was shaped like a "read-down text." Of course, the story of India and China has the original text, which was written in Chinese characters and probably came from China, but I do not know the author and I do not know the intention that the story was written in the past, but the author / editor There is no doubt that he is an intellectual, and if so, I felt that it was natural to write in Chinese. If so, in order to translate the tenseless Chinese into Japanese, the interpretation of the person who copied it comes in. It may even differ from the very meaning of "now is old". In addition, there are many expressions of kanji that do not correspond to Japanese, such as "impossible su" and "poor mu".
There are many places where volumes, person names, and area names that are not written in old and new stories are blank. The prevailing theory is that it was to be filled in later (it was not clear when I wrote it, but I will write it when I understand it). If so, I thought it might have been a draft before it was written in Chinese.
However, it seems that such a Kanbun reading sentence was widely used as the writing style (practical writing style) of informal documents at that time (it seems that it was often used among monks, so the author may be a monk. In terms of content, it seems that the legitimacy of the imperial court at that time is written in an easy-to-understand manner at the same time as the Buddhist mission, but since there is a story that does not belong to either, it seems that there are thoughts and hesitations of the author and editor.) I came to think that either one is fine. Also, there is a story that the tense of Japanese at that time was not clear yet, so I think it is not necessary to stick to Chinese writing.
So how has the literacy culture in Japan developed? It is said that there were no characters in Japan until the kanji was imported (although it may be different). And there were various ideas to express Japanese in kanji. In order for a culture to be imported, there must be a foundation (foundation) for accepting that culture. Therefore, Japan had that foundation, and there may have been letters there. At least, with the introduction of Buddhism, Kanji became established as an official document of Japanese Buddhism and the imperial court. And there was the invention of kana as one of the ideas to express Japanese in kanji. It cannot be said that I tried to express the spoken language at that time in written language. Spoken and written languages can be different, and it is better to show the authority of Buddhism and the imperial court. I don't know what the common people spoke at that time, but I think it was a different language from Miyanaka (I just feel it). Even now, the words spoken by the ruling class are like Japanese, and they are not understood by the common people. (Lol)
Anyway, at that time, only a few people knew the letters, and most of them seemed to be in a rich oral culture (which continued until the end of the Meiji or Edo period). Masu). The culmination of that one remains under the name "Konjaku Monogatari". In oral culture, tense makes little sense. The tense was established in the Middle Ages, and I think that is a major turning point in Japanese culture. It is a divergence between oral culture and literacy culture, and I think it is the origin of Japanese logic.
And that became the basis for the import of Western culture in the early modern period (Chinese culture would have been given a unique interpretation of Japan). Western logic was accepted in Japan in a unique way. It became clear in the Meiji government's "reproduction industry" policy. Capitalism does not develop by denying the local culture, but inherits the local culture while (violently) forcing Western logic. Japan has the development of capitalism peculiar to Japan. The intention of the business world to deny while using it is still continuing. And the final stage of that movement is the corona wreck. Workers are essential to capital and at the same time want to stay away from them (just as the existence of slavery was the biggest problem for slavery). The Japanese government has restrained workers from uniting due to the dismantling of trade unions and prevented people from gathering under the Spy Law and the Anti-Terrorism Law. At the same time, we have created a society in which surveillance cameras and other devices monitor each other. With the spread of television and personal computers, oral culture (which is the very foundation of the community) was in jeopardy. And finally, he created the corona sword to "physically" break the connection between people.
It doesn't matter if you believe in the new Corona. The important thing is to find out exactly what is lost. With it, the post-Corona world can be reconstructed. If you can't find it and blindly believe what the government and the media say, you'll end up with an unimaginably horrifying society after Corona.
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