"ABC, The Alphabetization of the Popular Mind (1988)"の訳です。
読みにくいのは、訳が悪いというわけではなく、原書が持つ性格のせいです。一つには訳注にあるように、一つの英語がたくさんの意味を持っていること。逆に一つの訳語に対応する英語がいくつかある場合もあります。キリスト教用語があること。言語学などの専門用語が挿入されていること。まあ、これらは翻訳技術上のことですから、訳注とかで触れておけは済むことです。
最も大きいことは、二人の共作ということです。論理が垂直に流れているようで、そうではない。かと言って並列に流れているわけでもないのです。そして、事実が列挙され、問題提起がなされていますが、それが綺麗に解決されているとは言えないのです。結果として、読者はもやもや感をいだきながら次の章に移っていくことになります。
文字（識字）の問題は、バリー・サンダースが深化させ、1994年の「本が死ぬところ、暴力が生まれる」で、明確化されます。イリイチは、この後、「生きる意味」等で、反教育、反権力、など西洋論理主義の批判を強めていったようです（未読）。イリイチはもともと司祭ですから、最初の「第一の手紙」もわからないことはないのですが、キリスト教徒でない（無神論者の）私にはちょと違和感がありました。この本は、宗教的な本ではないかと。でも、キリスト教の歴史に言及することがあっても少しも宗教的ではありません。むしろ、日本では仏教の歴史があるのですから、仏教の歴史を抜きに日本の歴史・文化を語るのは片手落ちかもしれません。失われてしまった仏教思想は大切なのではないかと改めで思わされました。残念なことに、仏教についてはほとんど学校教育では学びません。「政教分離」はいいのですが、日本の歴史・思想を理解する上では必要なのではないでしょうか。現代の無批判的な西洋論理主義、科学の崇拝は日本人の心を脆弱にしているかもしれません。
この本の主題は、「文字」「書かれた言葉」を問い直すことで、わたしたちが置かれている状況を明確にしようということです。著者の生きている世界はアルファベットの世界です。それは表音文字です。中国は漢字文化ですから、表意文字の世界です。日本は、漢字（表意文字）と仮名（表音文字）が混合している文化です。ですから、本書で述べられていることが「識字」「書かれた言葉」という点では共通しますし、そこに本質があるのですが、「アルファベット」で展開している論理はそのままでは日本に適用できません。本書や言語学の本を読むときにはそこに注意しなくてはなりません。
また、英語（西欧言語）に必ず有って、日本にはあまりない1人称代名詞についても注意が必要です。先日、「「文」とは何か」について感想を書いた際に、「わたしたち」について書きましたが、日本語には「主語」が有るのかないのかは別の話として、「We」というのは共同体的な言葉なのか、単に英語にとっては主語が必要だからつけるのか（「We」に意味があるかどうか）、それは発話内容、発話者の意図によると思います。「この現代の＜われわれ>を使うことによって、話し手は意味論的暴力をふるうことになる。彼は、観察する自分とは異なる仕方で<われわれ>を構成する人々の集団を、自分の一部に組み込み、したがって彼らを沈黙へと導くのである。」（p.174）
大切なのは「識字」の与える影響ですが、そこで考えなくてはならないのは西洋でも日本でも近代になるまで、識字者はほんの一部の人に限られていたということです。ほとんどの人は、識字（文字）と無関係に一生を終えていました。今でも文字を知っていても、その文字を使わない人も多いと思います。それでも文字の影響は「電子メディア」を通じて識字と同じ影響を与えています。その影響は普段文字を使わない人のほうが大きいかもしれません。本を読む人は、「文字で考える」事ができ、メディアを客観視して、批判することが出来る「可能性」（それは、自分と自分が置かれた状況を客観視する「可能性」でもあります）があるからです。今回のコロナ禍と安倍総理の問題で、多くの人がメディアを客観視できず、自分と社会（政治）をも客観視できないことが分かりました。残念です。
今日、識字と西洋論理主義（科学）の問題がいろいろな分野で問い直されています。その中には「科学者」という人もいます。「医者」という人もいます。そのことは、この閉塞感の強い、先の見えない（希望が持てない）社会では当然の傾向だと言えるでしょう。でも、それは綱渡りです。浅い認識での西洋論理主義の批判は、すぐに神秘主義に陥る可能性があるからです。私たちは「識字前」の豊かな口承文化に戻ることはできません。西洋論理主義の影響を受けないように電子メディアを壊すこともできないでしょう（観ないで過ごすことは可能です）。新聞は絶対に必要と思う人も多いです。逆に新聞や本を読まずに、テレビ（ゲーム）だけという人も多いでしょう。仕事では文字を使っているにも関わらすです。神秘主義や新興宗教（近現代の宗教一般？）も、西洋論理学と関わりがあります。それは単純に「お金」です。お金は数量化の極限の物で、数量化というのは抽象化（一般化）という識字文化の特徴です。数量化、抽象化を行うと、個々が持っていた「質」が捨象されてしまいます。お金はそれに変わる（代わる、替わる、換わる）前が何だったのかを隠蔽してしまいます。それは、「物」だったかもしれないし、「労働」だったかもしれない、「犯罪」だったかもしれません。そのような区別はお金にはないのです。資本主義的生産様式がいかに西洋論理主義と深い関係にあるのかは、このことだけでも分かります。
標準語（文法的に正しい言葉）というのは一つの自己矛盾です。というのは、文法は話し言葉から抽出された（抽象化された）ものなのに、それで新しい言葉を作っているからです。その新しい言葉は「決して実存しない何かを表現するための科学言語をモデルとしている」（p.157）のです。オーウェルの«ニュースピーク≫（『1984』）と同じです。支配者が被支配者に押し付け、心の奥から（自主的に）服従させる手段です。現代人は標準語で話したり、書いたりすることに慣れてしまっていますが、その奥に（抽象化されてしまって、それを言語化することも難しいのですが）豊かな口承文化があることを思い出さなければなりません。
ところが、今生きている人の半分くらいは生まれた時からテレビが有り、親の声の代わりにテレビの音で育っています。本来の口承文化を経ていないのです。テレビは能動的に反応しても、答えてくれません。それは「プログラム」された「プログラム」を流すだけです。最近、気になるのはバラエティ番組などで、出演者の「声」を装飾された「文字」で表示することが非常に多いのです。識字文化で生きてきた私は、それで面白さが倍加されるような気になります。しかし、それは「文字の強制」であり、徹底した「口承文化の否定」です。
この本は、広く問題点を描きながら、その解決策を述べていません。「近代的な教育が、そしてそれに劣らず、現代的なコミュニケーションが、文字の知識（literacy）を危険にされしているのであるが、われわれに分かったことは、文字の知識の強制が現代人の大多数に与えた副作用が、たとえ不幸なものであったとしても、言語を「情報システム」へと解消する動きを食い止める最後の砦は、やはり文字の知識以外にはない」(p.vii〜p.viii）という言葉で始まり、「われわれは悲しみのうちにありながらも、審査を受けたわれわれの人生の中でなお、開かれたまま残る唯一の沈黙の空間を、分別もなく切望するのである。それは友情の沈黙のことである。」（p.174）というよくわからない言葉で終わります。これは、識字文化で作られた「自我」を持ちながら、他人とコミュニケーションすることの難しさと、しかしそこにしか希望がないということを言っているのだと思います。
問題は提起されました。後はわれわれが実践で解決していくだけです。
⟨impressions⟩
It is a translation of "ABC, The Alphabetization of the Popular Mind (1988)".
It's hard to read, not because of the bad translation, but because of the nature of the original. For one thing, as the translation says, one English word has many meanings. Conversely, there may be several English words that correspond to one translation. There is a Christian term. The terminology such as linguistics is inserted. Well, these are translation technology issues, so it's okay to mention them in translations.
The biggest thing is that they are co-creating. The logic seems to be flowing vertically, it's not. However, it does not mean that they are flowing in parallel. And although the facts are listed and problems are raised, it cannot be said that they have been solved neatly. As a result, the reader will move on to the next chapter with a feeling of haze.
The problem of letters (literacy) is deepened by Barry Sanders and clarified in 1994, "Where a book dies, violence is born." After this, Illich seems to have strengthened criticism of Western logicism such as anti-education and anti-power, such as "meaning of life" (unread). Iriichi was originally a priest, so I can understand the first "first letter", but I was a little uncomfortable (atheist) as a non-Christian. I think this book is a religious book. But even mentioning the history of Christianity is not religious at all. Rather, since Japan has a history of Buddhism, it may be a mistake to talk about Japanese history and culture without the history of Buddhism. I was reminded that the lost Buddhist thought is important. Unfortunately, we rarely learn about Buddhism in school. "Separation of church and state" is good, but I think it is necessary for understanding Japanese history and ideas. Modern uncritical Western logicism and worship of science may weaken the Japanese mind.
The subject of this book is to clarify the situation in which we are placed by re-questioning "letters" and "written words." The world in which the author lives is the world of the alphabet. It's a phonetic character. Since China is a Chinese character culture, it is a world of ideographic characters. Japan is a culture in which kanji (ideographic characters) and kana (phonetic characters) are mixed. Therefore, what is stated in this book is common in terms of "literacy" and "written words", and there is an essence there, but the logic developed in the "alphabet" remains in Japan. not applicable. You have to be careful when reading this book or linguistics book.
Also, be careful about first-person pronouns that are always present in English (Western European languages) and rarely found in Japan. The other day, when I wrote my impressions about "what is a" sentence "", I wrote about "us", but whether or not there is a "subject" in Japanese is another story, "We". Is it a community word, or is it just because English needs a subject (whether "We" has a meaning)? It depends on the content of the utterance and the intention of the speaker. "By using this modern-day, the speaker commits semantic violence. He observes a group of people who make up in a different way than he observes. And thus lead them to silence. ”(P.174)
What is important is the influence of "literacy", but it is important to consider that until modern times in both the West and Japan, literacy was limited to only a small number of people. Most people ended their lives regardless of literacy. Even if you still know the letters, many people don't use them. Nevertheless, the influence of letters has the same influence as literacy through "electronic media". The effect may be greater for people who don't usually use letters. A person who reads a book can "think in letters" and can objectively view and criticize the media (that is, "potential" to objectively view himself and his situation. There is also). Due to the problems of Corona and Prime Minister Abe, it was found that many people cannot see the media objectively, nor can they see themselves and society (politics) objectively. I'm sorry.
Today, the issues of literacy and Western logicism (science) are being re-questioned in various fields. Some of them are called "scientists." Some people call it a "doctor." It can be said that this is a natural tendency in this society with a strong sense of obstruction and no vision (no hope). But it's a tightrope walk. Criticism of Western logicism with a shallow perception can quickly lead to mysticism. We cannot return to the rich oral culture of "literacy". You wouldn't be able to break the electronic media without being influenced by Western logicism (you can spend it without watching it). Many people think that newspapers are absolutely necessary. On the contrary, there are many people who do not read newspapers or books, but only TV (games). Even though I use letters at work. Mysticism and new religions (modern religions in general?) Are also associated with Western logic. It's simply "money." Money is the limit of quantification, and quantification is a characteristic of the literacy culture of abstraction (generalization). When quantification and abstraction are performed, the "quality" that each individual has is discarded. Money hides what it was before it changed (replaced, replaced, replaced). It could have been a "thing", it could have been "labor", it could have been a "crime". There is no such distinction in money. This alone shows how capitalist production styles are closely related to Western logicism.
Standard language (grammatically correct word) is a self-contradiction. This is because grammar is extracted (abstracted) from spoken language, but it is used to create new words. The new word is "modeled on a scientific language for expressing something that never exists" (p.157). Same as Orwell's «Newspeak» ("1984"). It is a means by which the ruler imposes on the ruled and submits (voluntarily) from the bottom of his heart. Modern people are accustomed to speaking and writing in standard language, but behind it (although it is abstract and difficult to verbalize) is a rich oral culture. I have to remember that.
However, about half of the people who are alive now have a TV since they were born, and they grow up with the sound of the TV instead of their parents' voices. It has not gone through the original oral culture. Even if the TV reacts actively, it does not answer. It just runs a "programmed" "program". Recently, I am interested in variety shows, etc., and it is very common to display the "voice" of the performer with decorated "characters". Having lived in a literacy culture, I feel that it doubles the fun. However, it is "compulsion of letters" and a thorough "denial of oral culture".
This book broadly describes the problem but does not describe the solution. "Modern education, and no less, modern communication, jeopardizes literacy, but we find that coercion of literary knowledge is modern. Even if the side effects given to the majority of the people are unfortunate, there is still no last resort other than knowledge of letters to stop the movement to resolve the language into an "information system" "(p.vii). Beginning with the words ~ p.viii), "We sensiblely long for the only silent space that remains open in our judged lives, despite our sadness. It is the silence of friendship. ”(P.174) ends with the obscure word. I think this means that it is difficult to communicate with others while having an "ego" created by literacy culture, but there is only hope there.
The issue was raised. All that remains is for us to put it into practice.
It is a translation of "ABC, The Alphabetization of the Popular Mind (1988)".
It's hard to read, not because of the bad translation, but because of the nature of the original. For one thing, as the translation says, one English word has many meanings. Conversely, there may be several English words that correspond to one translation. There is a Christian term. The terminology such as linguistics is inserted. Well, these are translation technology issues, so it's okay to mention them in translations.
The biggest thing is that they are co-creating. The logic seems to be flowing vertically, it's not. However, it does not mean that they are flowing in parallel. And although the facts are listed and problems are raised, it cannot be said that they have been solved neatly. As a result, the reader will move on to the next chapter with a feeling of haze.
The problem of letters (literacy) is deepened by Barry Sanders and clarified in 1994, "Where a book dies, violence is born." After this, Illich seems to have strengthened criticism of Western logicism such as anti-education and anti-power, such as "meaning of life" (unread). Iriichi was originally a priest, so I can understand the first "first letter", but I was a little uncomfortable (atheist) as a non-Christian. I think this book is a religious book. But even mentioning the history of Christianity is not religious at all. Rather, since Japan has a history of Buddhism, it may be a mistake to talk about Japanese history and culture without the history of Buddhism. I was reminded that the lost Buddhist thought is important. Unfortunately, we rarely learn about Buddhism in school. "Separation of church and state" is good, but I think it is necessary for understanding Japanese history and ideas. Modern uncritical Western logicism and worship of science may weaken the Japanese mind.
The subject of this book is to clarify the situation in which we are placed by re-questioning "letters" and "written words." The world in which the author lives is the world of the alphabet. It's a phonetic character. Since China is a Chinese character culture, it is a world of ideographic characters. Japan is a culture in which kanji (ideographic characters) and kana (phonetic characters) are mixed. Therefore, what is stated in this book is common in terms of "literacy" and "written words", and there is an essence there, but the logic developed in the "alphabet" remains in Japan. not applicable. You have to be careful when reading this book or linguistics book.
Also, be careful about first-person pronouns that are always present in English (Western European languages) and rarely found in Japan. The other day, when I wrote my impressions about "what is a" sentence "", I wrote about "us", but whether or not there is a "subject" in Japanese is another story, "We". Is it a community word, or is it just because English needs a subject (whether "We" has a meaning)? It depends on the content of the utterance and the intention of the speaker. "By using this modern-day
What is important is the influence of "literacy", but it is important to consider that until modern times in both the West and Japan, literacy was limited to only a small number of people. Most people ended their lives regardless of literacy. Even if you still know the letters, many people don't use them. Nevertheless, the influence of letters has the same influence as literacy through "electronic media". The effect may be greater for people who don't usually use letters. A person who reads a book can "think in letters" and can objectively view and criticize the media (that is, "potential" to objectively view himself and his situation. There is also). Due to the problems of Corona and Prime Minister Abe, it was found that many people cannot see the media objectively, nor can they see themselves and society (politics) objectively. I'm sorry.
Today, the issues of literacy and Western logicism (science) are being re-questioned in various fields. Some of them are called "scientists." Some people call it a "doctor." It can be said that this is a natural tendency in this society with a strong sense of obstruction and no vision (no hope). But it's a tightrope walk. Criticism of Western logicism with a shallow perception can quickly lead to mysticism. We cannot return to the rich oral culture of "literacy". You wouldn't be able to break the electronic media without being influenced by Western logicism (you can spend it without watching it). Many people think that newspapers are absolutely necessary. On the contrary, there are many people who do not read newspapers or books, but only TV (games). Even though I use letters at work. Mysticism and new religions (modern religions in general?) Are also associated with Western logic. It's simply "money." Money is the limit of quantification, and quantification is a characteristic of the literacy culture of abstraction (generalization). When quantification and abstraction are performed, the "quality" that each individual has is discarded. Money hides what it was before it changed (replaced, replaced, replaced). It could have been a "thing", it could have been "labor", it could have been a "crime". There is no such distinction in money. This alone shows how capitalist production styles are closely related to Western logicism.
Standard language (grammatically correct word) is a self-contradiction. This is because grammar is extracted (abstracted) from spoken language, but it is used to create new words. The new word is "modeled on a scientific language for expressing something that never exists" (p.157). Same as Orwell's «Newspeak» ("1984"). It is a means by which the ruler imposes on the ruled and submits (voluntarily) from the bottom of his heart. Modern people are accustomed to speaking and writing in standard language, but behind it (although it is abstract and difficult to verbalize) is a rich oral culture. I have to remember that.
However, about half of the people who are alive now have a TV since they were born, and they grow up with the sound of the TV instead of their parents' voices. It has not gone through the original oral culture. Even if the TV reacts actively, it does not answer. It just runs a "programmed" "program". Recently, I am interested in variety shows, etc., and it is very common to display the "voice" of the performer with decorated "characters". Having lived in a literacy culture, I feel that it doubles the fun. However, it is "compulsion of letters" and a thorough "denial of oral culture".
This book broadly describes the problem but does not describe the solution. "Modern education, and no less, modern communication, jeopardizes literacy, but we find that coercion of literary knowledge is modern. Even if the side effects given to the majority of the people are unfortunate, there is still no last resort other than knowledge of letters to stop the movement to resolve the language into an "information system" "(p.vii). Beginning with the words ~ p.viii), "We sensiblely long for the only silent space that remains open in our judged lives, despite our sadness. It is the silence of friendship. ”(P.174) ends with the obscure word. I think this means that it is difficult to communicate with others while having an "ego" created by literacy culture, but there is only hope there.
The issue was raised. All that remains is for us to put it into practice.
[出演者(プロフィール)]
イリイチ,イヴァン
1926‐2002年。ウィーン生まれの思想家。ヴァチカン・グレゴリオ大学で神学と哲学を学び、カトリック司祭として活動。1969年、ローマ・カトリック教会との軋轢により還俗し、以後、学校・病院制度に代表される産業社会への批判を展開。その議論は、教育、医療、エコロジー運動、コンピュータ技術など、多分野に影響を与えた
[ ISBN-13 : 978-4000271585 ]
