Reading it again for the first time in 20 years
A lot of things happened, so I read it again, but it ended up leaving me confused (lol). I read it almost twice this time, but I still don't get it. I am reposting my impressions from previous.
When I read it for the first time, I felt like I had a vague idea of how I should live my life, so I read it again. I don't really understand it, but I think that although I live in a community and have no choice but to think in a communal way, I have no choice but to take a stance outside the community. That is the transcendental position. When I say outside, I don't mean physically or spatially outside. It can only be found within other communities. You cannot leave the community.
In order to break free from solipsism, you must recognize the uniqueness of yourself (and of existences other than yourself). Uniqueness is not "special" versus "general." I once called it the "singularity." It is something that is expressed by a proper name and cannot be reduced (abstracted) to a number. . Such an I (with a proper name) is neither something to be sought nor something to be found. It simply exists as something that cannot be exchanged with anything else. It's out of touch with community. I don't know if that protruding part is social or not. It is the other seen from oneself as a community. Relationships with others are asymmetrical. It is the same as the relationship with others among others. It's a relationship where they don't share the same language game.
Relationships with others are always uncertain. No rules can be assumed there. Rules can only be assumed a posteriori when a relationship becomes possible.
Even if I have no choice but to live like this, I'm not that strong of a person. At the same time, I am looking for peace of mind. Is it possible to find peace of mind in an uncertain society?
Maybe I understood it better last time (sweat). Because my head was soft.
Individuality and singularity
The first part is ``Concerning proper names.''
There is a famous sentence.
Healing from the wound of heartbreak ultimately means seeing this woman (or man) simply as an individual within a genus (generality). (P.15)
``There are billions of women (men) in the world,'' is what you say when comforting a friend who is heartbroken. The person who was dumped is not an ``individual'' (or special) within ``women (men) in general'' or ``the concept of women (men)''. The author distinguishes between singularity and particularity (P.11). This part is difficult to understand, but the author organizes the relationships in this area into two axes: ``...generality (kind) - particularity (individuality)'' and ``...university - singularity.'' (P.150) This is easy to understand. However, the part to the whole called ``genus, general'' is ``species, special.'' In other words, the former diagram is the relationship of ``part (meros) to the whole (horos)'' (by Hiroki Furuta, Basic Concepts of Western Philosophy and the World of Japanese Language, Chuo Keizai-sha). But the latter's ``singleness'' is not ``a part of the whole.''
For example, ``a dog named Pochi (proper name) (general)'' and ``this dog'' belong to the type ``Pomeranian'' or have the characteristics of ``male.'' However, "this (irreplaceable) dog" is not defined by whether it is a Pomeranian or not, nor does it need to be male. The person who was dumped may have the characteristics of a ``woman (or man),'' but they are more than that. There may be other qualities (attributes, categories) such as being "rich" or "pretty face", but when people say "I guess you were just after the money" or "I guess you were after your body," it's the heart that tells you. It's outside.
You can ``later'' give various reasons (causal relationships) such as ``because he was rich'' or ``because he was cute'' as ``the reason why you fell in love with him.'' You might say, "Because I'm a woman (or man)." However, once you fall in love, things like being a woman (or man), having money, and being cute are secondary things (in some cases, things like "but," Unfortunately) It can also be viewed as a negative attribute, such as ``I'm a woman (or a man).''
It might be better to say in the past tense, "It was a secondary thing." ``I like it'' means ``I like it'' = ``I'm in a state of liking it'', so it doesn't require an active subject (subject, nominative case) like ``I love you'' (there is no nominative case). ).
For the most part, Japan (Japanese) did not even have words to express concepts such as "whole" and "part."
Transcendentalism
The second part is ``On transcendental motives.''
I don't quite understand the words "transcendental" and "transcendentalist." Even in everyday life, we sometimes use phrases such as ``His techniques transcend human ability,'' but what we really mean is ``beyond?'' As a philosophical term, transcendence is a translation of “transcendent”.
From Middle English transcenden, from Old French transcender, from Latin transcendere (“to climb over, step over, surpass, transcend” ), from trans (“over”) + scandere (“to climb”); see scan; compare ascend, descend. (weblio)
< /p>
It seems that Kant's "transzendental" was originally translated as "a priori."
〘morphic〙 (translation of transzendental) In philosophy, to condition prior to, or independent of, experience so as to make it possible. The state of all principles that can deal with the possibility of knowledge prior to any experience. Transcendentalist. (Section of "Selected Japanese Dictionary" A priori) /p>
[Formal action]{〈Germany〉transzendental}
1 In Kant's philosophy, it refers to cognition that is not concerned with the object, but rather with the method of perceiving the object to the extent that it is innately possible. Transcendentalist.
2 In Husserl's phenomenology, it refers to the realm of pure consciousness that remains after epoché (cessation of judgment). Transcendentalist. (Section of "Digital Daijisen" A priori)
I have never read Kant or Husserl, so I can't say. The problem is the difference between "transcendental" and "transcendentalist." If you don't pay attention to it and read it, you'll get confused (lol).
Descartes does not believe that it is possible for a person to be completely awakened (to come out of a dream). In other words, he rejects transcendentalpositions. His method is, in Kant's and Husserl's terms, transcendentalist. Only through transcendental methods can illusions be regarded as illusions, or conversely, can they be grounded in truth. But being transcendental does not mean looking upward or downward. That is, so to speak, stepping out to the side. (P.106)
To put it simply, "transcendental" means "looking from above," and "transcendentalism" means "looking sideways" or "looking at an angle." ” Does that mean?
The cityscape as a whole shows the difference whether you look at the city from above or below. European towns are very beautiful when viewed from the outside. Specifically, in many places, laws only allow certain architectural styles, but by doing so, the aim is to enhance the beauty of the town as a whole. In Japan, it is rare to find a city that looks beautiful when viewed from the top of tall buildings. (Hideo Suzuki, “Forest Thinking/Desert Thinking” P.21-22)
The "transcendental attitude" is not to stand from God's perspective and look down, but to stand on the same horizon and question yourself (even yourself) from the outside.
What can deny transcendence is the ``transcendentalist'' attitude, and what can deny the subject (individual) is singularity. (P.187)
Transcendental subjectivity is the very "attitude" of trying to be external. (P.209)
Is that possible?
For example, if you deny the idea that things (objective) are in front of you (subjective) on a daily basis, you will hardly be able to survive. Transcendentalism is about trying to reduce (bracket) that obviousness, and if you really live that way, you will become a schizophrenic. (P.222)
These ideas criticize the empirical self (subjectivity) and free will. However, this does not mean denying or annihilating the subject, and such a thing cannot be done. (P.226-227)
I'm happy. Recently, I've been struggling with thinking of ``I/Self/Subject'' as an ``enemy,'' so hearing someone say, ``I can't do that,'' gave me some peace of mind. Since it is not a Buddhist practice (I will write about it later), it is certain that you cannot be ``selfless.'' I think Natsume Soseki's ``Sokutenkyobashi'' felt the same way (although his disciple, Ryunosuke Akutagawa, ended up killing himself).
One more thing that cheered me up today was the Rolling Stones' "Angry ”. Please listen.
``Selflessness'', ``transcendentalism'', and ``communism'' are not goals (objectives) to be achieved, but ``attitudes'' and ``practices.''
Purpose comes from a perspective that sees the whole. (P.174)
The optimism of Spinoza's Ethica is exactly the other side of Freud's pessimism. Because it has no story of hope, it has no despair. Since it has no meaning or purpose, it has no meaning. On the one hand, it looks like pessimism and nihilism because it has no hope or meaning, and on the other hand, because it has no hope or meaninglessness, it looks like optimism and faith. (P.189) For example, no matter what Marx or Nietzsche say, people (and themselves) live "teleologically." I can't deny that. But you can make it look cool. (P.222)
In other words, the transcendental subject is not a subject that constitutes the world, but only a practical subjectivity that tries to stand outside of such a world. be. To be transcendental is to be subjective, and vice versa. (P.227)
``Tate'', ``Sex''
In the Japanese translation, where does ``ron'' fall in English or German? You can say "al", but that's just turning the verb into an adjective. The same goes for ``target'' in ``transcendental'' (an adjective of a noun). The same goes for the ``sexuality'' of ``human nature.'' I think that these things probably cannot be explained or understood in my ``Japanese'' language.
These words were derived from the definite article and plural form of Indo-European languages, or from the "active, passive, and middle verbs" (though they no longer exist in English), and are derived from the definite article and plural form of Indo-European languages, and are derived from the "active, passive, and middle verbs" (though they no longer exist in English). I don't think so. These words can't be inferred from the Japanese you know, and you have to memorize them as they are, and since they don't have a grammatical structure that can be used as "material to accept," it's hard to accept them. It's very difficult.
Scholars read the original texts. You may be able to understand (and feel like you understand) because you memorize the words along with the grammatical structure. In the previous quotation, there are many words that are used on a daily basis, such as the two-letter on-yomi kanji words, purpose, whole, perspective, hope, despair, subject, world, etc., but they are words coined for translation purposes. In other words, it was adapted from Buddhist scriptures or Chinese classics. For example, the classical Greek word for "goal" is "τέλος," but of course purpose and telos are not the same. This is not to say that the meaning differs depending on the person who uses it (according to the theory), but rather that the grammatical structure or way of thinking is different from Japanese, but Japanese people use it as if it means something like this. Of course, words do not express exactly what they mean. But it's different in a completely different way.
It is very interesting when the author says things like ``This is what Descartes means'' and ``Leibniz uses it in this sense,'' but it is very interesting to hear the difference between Descartes, Leibniz, Kant, and Husserl. In addition to knowing this, I cannot read the original (I have never read the Japanese translation either), so there is a gap between Indo-European and Japanese. On the other hand, when I read Karatani's work or Descartes' translation, I have to be doubly careful. We need to think not only about what Karatani and Descartes are saying, but also how those words have been used in Western Europe. However, I think that in Japan, where there is a culture of translation, there is very little momentum to read things that way. Therefore, words such as ``freedom, equality, and rights'' are circulated as foreign words, and horizontal characters such as ``gender, social, and private'' are somehow circulated. In Western Europe, many philosophical terms (technical terms) are everyday words that have continued (changed) from Greece and Rome. It circulates with grammatical structures, so there is a seamless transition between thinking and philosophizing. The same is true between ordinary people and academics (experts). Philosophical terms in Japanese are "hard," "official," and "official" words. The same goes for the relationship between ordinary people and academics (experts). As a result, experts have more ``power'' in Japan than in Western Europe, and ordinary people have no say in academics, politics, or economics.
"Inside" and "Outside"
The third part is "Regarding world religions."
Everywhere, "world religions" have emerged as movements to deconstruct communities. The reason why it appears to stand on the side of the victims (those who are expelled to the outside) is not because it is humanistic, but because it itself is a return to space, where there is no distinction between inside and outside. be. (P.289-290)
The keywords here are "inside and outside" and "community and society."
Japanese buildings have something like a buffer zone between the inside and the outside, such as at the entrance, under the eaves, and on the porch. It's a gray area. This also relates to the structure of the building. Pillars are important in Japanese buildings (the most important pillar is the breadwinner). Pillars are erected to support the roof, and walls are built around it (this is different from Western-style buildings and modern two-by-fours). Buildings in Western Europe have walls made of brick or stone and roofs placed on top of them (with the exception of wooden houses in the North). The roof is supported by walls, which clearly separate the "inside" from the "outside." Japanese walls provide protection from the rain and wind, but they do not clearly separate inside and outside like walls in Western Europe. The same goes for language structures. The existence of a clear nominative (duty of denotation) creates a subject-object structure of nominative and predicate. Then, create a clear ``subject'' and ``object''. That clarification is linguistically obligatory. Naturally, Japan also has ``inside'' and ``outside'' (soto and other). We say ``my family'' and ``my company'', but the difference between this and ``my family'' and ``my company'' is whether or not ``I'' is included there. As soon as you say, "My family (company)", you become one with that family or company. However, when we say ``my family(company),'' family and company are extensions of my.
extension A basic concept in the history of modern philosophy that was emphasized by Descartes. Sensually obvious, an object can be seen as extending in length, width, and depth, and this spatial extension of an object is called extension. In Descartes' dualism, the object is a substance along with the mind, and extension is considered to be the nature of the object. Spinoza also recognized extension as the nature of objects, and Locke also recognized the reality of extension as its first nature. In contrast to the position that attributes extension to the thing itself as an objective reality, Kant views extension as a form of pure intuition and recognizes only empirical reality in it. (Section of Britannica International Encyclopedia "Extension")
Your body is the closest extension of yourself. Regardless of whether it actually exists or not, it is "outside" us. There is a clear distinction. Organ transplants are possible because they are external. When we think about the "immune mechanism," we think of it as an issue of "self and non-self" (Tomio Tada, "[Immunology: The Science of "Self" and "Non-Self]]" (https://www.amazon.co. jp/dp/4140019123/?tag=charmedias-22)' NHK Books, etc.). If it is an external entity, ownership and disposal become an issue. Consciousness such as ``physical bondage'' and ``freedom'' may also arise.
I think that until the war, common people in Japan generally did not lock their houses (I was worried that something might happen if I left the door locked or bolted in a tenement house, etc.) ). When I'm watching a TV drama, I can't help but notice that when I get home (to my apartment), people don't lock the door, but I wonder if that's a problem with the production. Around the time of high growth, children's rooms became necessary, but until then, parents and children slept in the same room, and it seems that parents even had sex there. I feel like it's not just a ``housing situation.''
"Unlimited" and "infinite"
I cannot imagine "infinite". Even if you are told that ``Even numbers and integers are the same infinity, but integers and real numbers are different,'' you would think that ``Even and odd numbers together are integers, so an integer is twice an even number,'' which is ``different.'' I can prove that they are the same using things like "one-to-one correspondence" and "projection," but I'm not convinced myself (lol).
Assuming "infinity" would invalidate the very distinction between finite (internal) and unlimited (external). ” (P.162)
“Infinity” is not an infinite transcendent. It closes the world in the sense that such transcendence is no longer possible. At that time, the dichotomies such as inside and outside, essence and phenomenon, truth and illusion, and spirit and body were quietly put to rest. (P.168)
The universe is endless but finite. This profound realization was actually conceived in terms of a simple spherical model. In other words, ``infinity'' is nothing mysterious. It means that the infinite is closed. It nullifies the division between a limited interior (cosmos) and an unlimited exterior (chaos). (P.337)
Although I don't understand Einstein's (later) "theory of relativity" mathematically, I have read several explanatory books about its meaning. , I can kind of understand it. You can also see that two parallel lines (=circumference) intersect on the spherical surface (on the earth). I'm sure the universe is "endless, but finite."
What the author wants to say is that at infinity, the distinction between "inside and outside" itself becomes meaningless. Similarly, there is no longer a "center." Since there is no ``edge'' (periphery), there is no center either. You can still assume a center. The place where I am, or "I" (self, subject).
“I think, therefore I am”
This is how the author interprets Descartes' “I think, therefore I am”, which is said to be the pioneer of the modern ego.
However, "doubting" is different from simply "thinking." According to Descartes, ``doubting'' is a function of the will, not of the intellect. (P.113)
However, when we say, ``I doubt, therefore I am,'' the story is different. In this case, ``I am'' means going outside the community, in other words, existing. In short, I would like to say that for Descartes, the ``doubting I'' does not dissolve into the general I (subjectivity). (P.116)
It can be said that God is the difference that forces us to doubt, the absolute difference, or the absoluteness of difference.
In other words, there is something else hidden in ``doubting'' from the beginning, that is, the otherness of the other. (P.122)
Descartes encounters the "other" in another country (the Netherlands, outside the community. Descartes was apparently sitting still in front of the fireplace).
Hegel is in the lineage of the philosophy of "totality" that can compose everything, to put it in Levinas's better terms, while Descartes is in the lineage of the philosophy of "totality" that can never be composed ( This is because he was a philosopher who discovered infinity. (P.128)
The will to "doubt" means to step outside of the community (system) or identity, which is an independent and external existence. Nietzsche would call this will the ``will to power.'' This cannot be done in a narrow sense. That is ethics, so to speak. Spinoza's Ethica is written along these Cartesian lines.
Let's repeat this. If ``I think, therefore I am'' is not a proof, then ``There is an infinite (God)'' is not a proof derived from the demonstrative nature of the cogito. On the contrary, the cogito (external existence) is possible precisely because there is infinity, and ``I am'' means ``I am doubting within infinity.'' (P.129)
“Community” and “Society”
The author uses infinity to define the community . A community has an inside and an outside. A community has an outside world precisely because it is a "closed society."
When we think of a community, we usually think of a village, but "individuals" are also a kind of community insofar as they have an inside and an outside. They retain an internal identity in thought, but in reality they belong to the context of socialtraffic. There is. The same is true of so-called "uncivilized societies." (Omitted) A community is a system that closes itself off to social things and exists as if it were an independent world. (P.347)
I think it makes sense if you think of the author's community as "Gemeinschaft" and society as "Gesellschaft." I, the individual, is communal insofar as it has an outside. When we think that there is a center called "I" and that there are bodies and objective things (outside) as an extension of that center, "I" is a community.
If rules are shared, it is a community. Therefore, self-dialogue, or consciousness, can also be considered a community. When we talk about "outside" or "between" a community, we must not understand it in terms of an actual space. It is a ``place'' that exists only as a difference in system. (P.237)
A community is a place where the same language games (speaking-listening, writing-reading) are valid, whereas language games are not valid (teaching-learning). The ``single person'' in a relationship has ``otherness.''
We must distinguish between the individual-community pair and the individual-society pair. (P.198-199)
In terms of the diagram I picked up at the beginning,
〈Concept〉…generality (kind)... Sameness - Particularity (Individual) - Community - Other" <=>...Universality - (Absolute) Difference - Individuality - Society - Other (Sex)"
It will be.
What is essential for a community, whether it is a "cold society" or a "hot society" (Lévi-Strauss), is to maintain the boundaries between inside and outside; In other words, it means closing oneself off from social interaction. (P.348)
What comes to my mind is "hikikomori" (that is, about me). Hikikomori are said to be overly self-conscious and have a strong desire for approval. Even if you lock your door and lock yourself in your room, there is definitely an "outside" (it exists because there is one), and communication with that outside (intercourse, dating, sexual intercourse) is not your own. It is essential for existence. You have to eat, drink, and defecate. Being "alive" means being in "constant communication with the outside world." When we get older and our bodies become less mobile, or when we get sick or injured, we become aware of our own body. The ``four sufferings'' (birth, old age, illness, and death) occur because we have an ``external'' body called the body. In India, which speaks the same Indo-European language as Western Europe, the Buddha must have always been conscious of the ``body as an object.''
Although it is recommended to ``break out of one's shell'', ``violating boundaries'' is prohibited. Both are about going beyond the "Sakai" of the community.
Themes such as transcendence and judgment are essential for the survival of the interior (closed system = community). Border crossing is both impossible and inevitable. However, there is no deep meaning to this. Rather, it is this profoundness, this mystery, that is based on the division between inside and outside. (P.333)
The discovery of infinity shows that the boundary between inside and outside is ``created by concepts.'' These are the Indo-European grammatical structures of ``subject and predicate'' and ``subject-object structure (subjective and objective).'' I have another idea. That means "visual emphasis." In the words of Hideo Suzuki, this is ``forest thinking/desert thinking.'' In the desert, where you can see all the way to the horizon, being able to "see" far is necessary for survival. In the forest, you can't see far because the mountains and trees get in the way. What is important here is the voices and sounds associated with the movements of wild animals (regardless of whether they are targets or allies). It warns us of danger, tells us where food is, and changes in the seasons. Japanese people not only listen to birdsong, but also ``listen to incense'' and ``taste sake.'' Vision cannot be seen if there is something blocking it, such as a wall. You can't see what's "inside" the box. However, when you shake it, you can feel the weight and make a sound. Cultures that emphasize auditory perception and cultures that emphasize visual perception may have different thoughts about "inside and outside." I think there is a big difference (both epistemologically and ontologically) between saying that what you see with an X-ray or an electron microscope exists, and saying that what you hear exists.
"World" and "Universe"
The author says this about Giordano Bruno (1548 - February 17, 1600).
In his opinion, the universe (heaven) is one and is "an infinite universal space containing all worlds." This is not at all difficult to understand if we understand that the ``world'' is a community, and the ``universe'' is a society. In other words, thinking centered on one community is at most one ``world.'' No matter how ``universal'' it may seem, it only belongs to one community (world). (P.163)
I don't know (I haven't read Bruno either). This is how the author uses it. The ``inside'' and ``outside'' of the community create one ``world.'' However, with the discovery of a new continent, we learned that the world (earth) has no edges. As a result, the world was closed. Western Europe begins to seek outside the closed world (Earth). It's space development. Now that the universe has been "closed" by the theory of suppositionality, will we be looking for the "outside of the universe"?
World Religions
The religions that are considered world religions today are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. (Wikipedia)
``World religions'' appear everywhere as movements to deconstruct communities. The reason why it appears to stand on the side of the victims (those who are expelled to the outside) is not because it is humanistic, but because it itself is a return to space, where there is no distinction between inside and outside. be. (P.289-290)
I am not interested in religion at all, and I am not sure whether the current Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism are the "world religions" that the author calls. I don't know. However, if you look at wars between Russia and Ukraine, Israel and Palestine, or India and Pakistan, it doesn't seem like those believers believe in a world religion. I am not condemning the violence of war. I think that they are different from world religions in that each of them thinks that ``we are the ones who are right'' (solipsism) and that they think of the other country as ``outsiders.'' It is just a "different person" and not an "other". At least they share the same rule of ``war'' (although it is questionable whether you can call it a ``rule''). Countries that recognize international crimes or countries that participate in the United Nations are each a community, and the collective is also a community. When there is a "teaching-learning" relationship, others do not know the rules. Trying to teach others the rules and trying to bring them into the community is itself a communal idea.
But there is no such thing as mysticism that does not turn into power to coerce others. This is because it holds ``reality'' (truth), and everyone must follow it. Also, those who obstruct the realization of ``truth'' must be eliminated. In this sense, it is not true that ``reason'' eliminated magic and banished it to the realm of irrationality (madness). Rather, reason and ideas originate from magic and function magically. (P.324)
Rational "science" and "money" based on reason are things that can be used by everyone. As far as it is thought, it is ``communal'' like today's world religions.
Pigeon running over, sexual violence
Today, on the morning information program, there was a news story about ``Taxi driver arrested for running over pigeon to death.'' He hasn't been found guilty yet, but what will happen to him now that his face and name are exposed to the whole country? What does he mean by "animal protection law"? Are “killing a person” and “killing a pigeon” the same “evil”? I somehow feel that Japanese people today are looking at ``the freedom, (personal) character, and (human) rights of pigeons.''
Eliade saw in shamanism the universal basis of religion, but a world religion could not exist without denying it. World religions, like merchants, preach ``loving others'' in the ``world'' outside the community. However, although magic is narcissistic, anthropocentric, and "empathetic" (Wollinger), it is actually a kind of thinking that has no other (external) and never encounters one. . (P.323)
Wilhelm Worringer (German: Wilhelm Worringer, 1881 - 1965), 20th century German art historian, also written as Worringer. (Wiki)
You are projecting (empathizing with) your thoughts such as "I don't want to die" and "I don't want to be in pain" onto the pigeon. However, they don't seem to have these feelings toward the vegetables, fish (including whales), cows, and pigs that they eat. Dogs and horses are said to "laugh" (compared to that, cats don't seem to laugh). So I wonder if dogs and horses are ``companions'' or ``friends.'' Recently, it has been said that plants have feelings too. There is a story in ``Tsutsumi Chunagon Monogatari'' called ``The Princess Who Loves Insects.'' This is not to say that Japanese people have that kind of spirit. Apparently pets are treated differently in the UK than in Japan. Feelings toward animals are different, such as the attitude toward a racehorse with a broken leg or the Spanish bullfight. It cannot be said that the spirit of the Animal Protection Act is the same as that of the people of the Edo period who received the ``Order of Compassion for Living Animals.'' I don't know how the person who killed the pigeon feels. I feel like I can better understand the feelings of the person who shot and killed a pigeon with a bogun. For me, which one is more different? What kind of national sentiment is behind Fuji TV's reporting?
Yesterday, NHK had a special feature on ``Male Sexual Violence Victims''. ``Touching someone's body without their consent'' is also considered sexual violence. The gender of the perpetrator does not seem to matter. I feel uncomfortable with the term "〇〇harassment." Is it because I'm old? There are several "harassment laws," but the difference from traditional crimes is that the perpetrator's "consciousness of harm" is not questioned. A condition for a crime to be established is that the person on the receiving end considers it ``harassment'' (I don't like it). Laws are community rules established to regulate the relationships between "subjects."
Prosecutors and lawyers are not adversaries. They are all masters of the legal language game and can therefore switch roles. This reversal of roles means that in legal disputes there are only individuals who share the legal language game, and no others. Of course, a judge's decision changes the legal language game as a legal precedent, but it does not go outside the language game. (“Inquiry I” P.238)
Harassment is also a language game, in which the perpetrator is labeled as a “heretic” and expelled from the community.
Communities focus their efforts on preserving their internal identity, that is, on pretending to be autonomous. In reality, such autonomy is impossible, but precisely because it is so, anything that threatens the internal autonomy of the community is banished to the ``outside'' and viewed as originating from the ``outside.''
However, this "outside" is only relative to the "inside" of the community. It is actually part of the community. This uncanny (Unheimlich) outside (Freud) is nothing more than the self-alienation of the intimate (Heimlich) inside. These outside worlds and the strangers that belong to them are already seen by the community, and are therefore an essential part of the community. The dialectic of cosmos and chaos, of center and periphery, is thus the very mechanism of community survival. (P.348-349)
The last thing an author wants is for what they think (what they think) to be thought to be "general" I think. However, people who read this article may think that I am generalizing modern culture. In fact, what ordinary people like me are looking for in an author's book may be ``some new knowledge (truth).''
For example, when Heraclitus said that water from the same river is never the same twice, he was acutely aware of the singularity (once-of-time) of ``this water'' or ``this I.'' It should have been. Rather, philosophy (metaphysics) is nothing but the earnest will to escape from this through identity and generality. (P.25)
The same goes for (modern) philosophers. Western European philosophers, and many Japanese scholars (intellectuals) who study based on Western philosophy, view other cultures from a Western perspective, interpret those cultures, and create "results" in their own culture. They find it out ``after the fact''. I think that distinction (differentiation) and identification (sameness, conceptualization) are special Western ways of thinking. This may mean denying academics themselves, but academics are knowledge based on the Western way of thinking (when it is translated and imported into Japan, it takes on a Japanese flavor). It cannot be said categorically that the discipline must be preserved.
Western knowledge (science) is making Japanese people's lives more convenient and easier. The idea of ease (convenience), the idea of death, the idea of pleasure, these are special historical and regional (cultural) things. I think this is a special concept that exists only in cultures and times that have a special perspective called ``ego (subject).''
It is difficult for Japanese speakers who do not have a clear other to understand how to relate to others. My ``dismay'' about harassment is exactly that. However, people who grew up with the concept of harassment (Gen Z?) may have a different feeling. People who have to come into contact with ``other people'' in a ``fearful manner'', just as they would with a strange animal. To these people, “others” may just be “others.”
Children
Finally, a few words about children and "people who are not yet known."
However, on the other hand, Lévi-Strauss emphasizes young children. This is not because we find in infants the ``thoughts of a savage'' but because we find therein a social polymorphe. (Omitted) However, when infants, who are polymorphic members of society, grow up in a single community, they have no choice but to lose their "sociality." (P.356)
By learning one language, children (infants) can speak (pronounce, hear, and understand) other languages. lose. If you work hard like a linguist, you can do it to some extent, but basically you won't be able to do it. Even if I tried to learn a foreign language now, it would be impossible. A child can become an adult, but an adult cannot become a child. The view of children as ``unfinished adults'' began in modern times (``Birth of a Child' The same view is held for ancient and primitive societies. Also, 'theory of evolution' (regardless of whether it is 'social Darwinism or social evolutionism') is based on the same view. .
What can be understood as a historical structure can still become a norm for us because it can never be repeated. It lives only as a repetition of the unrepeatable. (P.23)
Mr. Kinji Imanishi says.Why is the giraffe's neck so long?
The giraffe's neck is so long. Whether or not someone had a desire to eat the leaves of a tall tree and continued to make efforts to achieve that goal is beyond the realm of evidence. I understand this because I think that if I were to project myself into that situation, I would have made the effort to realize my request.And this is what was mentioned in the quote earlier. It is "anthropomorphism" that is excluded from current science. Shinsho, P.25)
While it is certainly possible to stay on your feet and eat leaves from tall trees without moving, this is a way of life that adapts to climate change, but this is not the case for adult giraffes. This is true, and even a giraffe would not be able to eat the leaves of such a tall tree when it was a child. In that case, if the child were allowed to starve to death, wouldn't the species become extinct? If there was a way to survive without them, adult giraffes could have done the same thing.Currently, giraffes eat leaves from tall trees because they have long necks and legs. Isn't it just that we are eating because we can now eat? (ibid., p. 26-27)
To put it simply, reason has developed and humans have become more logical. This is probably because this is one of the characteristics of modern humans that has become noticeable since before and after the French Revolution, and not only is the development of science unrelated to this, but also the theory of evolution. Also, they have started to appear, taking advantage of this trend. (Same book, P.37-38)
It's exciting and clear. He denies mutations, competition for survival, survival of the fittest, etc. I think this is a denial of the Western "law of cause and effect" itself. So how does evolution occur? He gives an answer that sounds like a Zen question and answer, ``Changing is the way to go.'' As for children,
Although I am not trying to ignore the environment, the phenomenon of growth seen in this individual is a spontaneous phenomenon that is originally in my body. If you look at this from a different angle, it is a kind of self-movement expressed by the subject called myself.
Then, in evolution, the fact that a species changes without changing is also a form of self-motion inherent in that species, even if it is not induced or induced by the environment. Is it not possible to consider it as such? It goes without saying that there are differences in time scales, but as long as growth and evolution are viewed as one course along the time axis, they can all be regarded as trajectories of self-motion expressed by the subject. . ” (Main, P. 206)
I don't know how to call this a "subject," but species of living things "separate" from one another. , creating a "biological society." If we consider this "society" as Mr. Karatani's "society", then each species may be an individual, and other species may be other people (are there communities or individuals within a species?) Let's stop making such wild interpretations.
I think that the growth of children (loss of polymorphic sociality) is similar to specialization in biological evolution.
However, once you start on the path to specialization, you can't go back to the start of adaptive radiation where you can become anything, and as specialization progresses, the possibilities change. The range of sexuality is naturally limited, and perfection refers to a state in which there is no possibility of any further change. (Imanishi “Darwin Theory” Chuko Shinsho, p.132)
There is no superiority or inferiority, good or bad. "Do as much as possible." I also express history in the same way as Mr. Karatani.
Evolution is a kind of history. It is a kind of history that connects the history of the universe and the earth with the history of humans. I'm not sure if there are any rules in history, but evolution is more like history than anything else in that it is a one-time event that never repeats on this earth. (“Darwin Theory”, p.129)