Bluebacks with many mathematical formulas
When I think of ``Bluebacks'', I get the impression that it is a science enlightenment book that even people with little knowledge of mathematical formulas can understand, but this book contains quite a lot of mathematical formulas. I'm not very good at math, but I can't even understand it. I couldn't understand it at all. I'm sorry.
So, this is a review that I don't want people who are familiar with mathematics to read.
There is a minimum in space and time
We all know that light has both wave and particle properties. Differences in the color of light are expressed as differences in the frequency of light (electromagnetic waves). When we look at light as energy, that energy is not continuous, but has discontinuous values. That is light as a particle, a photon.
If so, there is no need to think of space and time as continuous. Thinking so, I googled it and found something called "loop quantum gravity theory." There are people who think the same way.
This is basically a question of what the natural length and weight are in the geometric unit system. As will be seen in Chapter 3, in the geometric unit system, length ``1'' is the Planck length of approximately 10 -33 cm, and weight ``1'' is the Planck weight of approximately 10 -8 kg. become. Planck length and Planck weight mean the "ultimate" length and weight. It is the standard for length and weight when the universe is broken down to its limits. (P.28-29)
According to "Kotobank", one Planck time is approximately 10 -43 seconds (" loop quantum gravity theory "). I haven't done the calculations, but I wonder if it can be found by dividing the length by the speed of light (approximately 300,000 kilometers per second = 3 x 10 11 centimeters). Also, time and space are not continuous.
In any case, it's a small thing that you can't imagine.
For example, gravity is inversely proportional to the square of distance. Then, as the distance approaches zero, the force of gravity becomes infinite. In physics, we have considered factors other than gravity to avoid this (there was a bold theory that it would not be possible to get that close), but it seems that there is no such thing as an infinite distance, or that there is no distance close to 0. If dimensional "points" do not exist, the problem may be avoided (this does not mean that we do not need to consider factors other than gravity, but that the problem itself needs to be changed). The forces that influence each other will all be the same.
vacuum (emptiness, nothingness)
Since space-time is not continuous, what is the "space" between the smallest units?
Aristotle said, ``Nature abhors the vacuum κενὸν'' (Nature, Vol. 4, Chapter 8, unconfirmed). For atomists, in order for matter (atoms) to move, there must be space (emptiness) where there is no matter. Aristotle, on the other hand, argued that motion is possible even without a vacuum. We assume that motion is the movement of "places" and the exchange of substances. For example, if a substance moves to a place where water (air) is present, the substance replaces the water (air) in that place. He recalls ``Archimedes' principle'' (incidentally, the word Archimedes is said to have shouted when he discovered the principle, ηὕρηκα!, is ``Heureka'', not ``Eureka'').
(...) Often there is a transition between these [wrapping and wrapped] because it can be converted, for example, as water is transferred from a container.GapIt can also be thought of as something, and moreover, as something different from the object being replaced.beAs if. But such a thing does not exist anywhere; instead, in such a gap there is something that can be replaced and that is by its nature in contact with [that which envelops it].・Any object among the objects enters [in place]. (Natural Studies 211b, Iwanami Old Complete Works Volume 3, P.135-136)
Furthermore, the resistance force that an object experiences when moving is inversely proportional to the concentration (density) of the substance (medium) it replaces as it passes through. If there was a vacuum, the resistance there would be zero and the speed would be unlimited.
Not only that, but if an object were to travel a certain distance in a certain time through the sparsest medium, then if the object were to move through emptiness, the speed of its movement would be exactly It would be out of proportion. (Natural Studies 215b, Iwanami Old Complete Works Volume 3, P.154)
Aristotle also gives several other reasons why there is no emptiness. Back when light was said to be a "wave," a "medium" was needed to transmit the wave (for example, sound waves needed air to transmit them). That is the hypothesis of "ether" (αἰθήρ, which appears as a god in Greek mythology).
Aristotle's later theory of the four elements holds that each element has its own unique place, so ``earth'' and ``water'' are drawn down to their natural place, and ``fire'' and ``air'' are drawn downwards. was said to rise upwards. He also did not accept the existence of void (vacuum, kenon) because he believed that something that does not exist cannot exist, and he also denied the atomic theory based on it. For Aristotle, who took this position, it was a logical necessity that another element was needed to guide the stars and planets that seemed to orbit the heavens forever. Aether was assigned to the fifth element in the heavens.[4] It was said that each element had its own unique properties, and Aitele was said to have the property of never deforming and continuing to rotate forever, as seen in the movement of celestial bodies. Due to Aristotle's ideas, ether (aether) was widely recognized until later generations as the substance that fills the heavens. (Wikipedia “ ether ”)
It is unclear whether Aristotle thought that "something that does not exist cannot exist," but when the vacuum was discovered, the existence of ether was also denied by the principle of the constant speed of light.
infinite
If space-time is a quantum, then the number of spaces within a circle with a radius of 1 cm can be counted (the length of 1 cm can also be counted). It was thought that in order to find the area (or π) of a circle, you could draw a rectangle inside the circle (tangential to the circle) and multiply it into pentagons, hexagons, etc. infinitely. Ta. However, if space is finite, then there is a limit to a certain n-gon in a circle with a certain radius. In other words, the decimal point of π is finite. In other words, π is a rational number. Similarly, a circle with a radius of 2 cm has π as its unique rational number. When we consider "general π", we can call it an irrational number, but in a particular circle, π is a rational number. π is not only an algebraic number such as √2, but also a rational number.
In a certain range (for example, from 0 to 1), length and area are finite, but in an infinite straight line or plane, space is countable and infinite. Zeno's paradox, famous for ``Achilles and the Tortoise'', and the method devised by Archimedes Eudoxus to find the area (volume) by dividing a figure as many times as possible are abstract theories, and the division is within the range of addition. There is a finite amount that can fit. As long as people think in terms of numbers, they are within the scope of numbers (counting).
Are space and time continuous?
Exercise is possible even if they are not continuous (even if there are no gaps). This is because it is possible for something (be it energy or matter) to move from place A to the "next" place B, replacing it with something in place B. It may be said that this is a revival of Aristotle's theory.
When trying to measure energy (or mass) at a certain location, the product of location (position) and energy will always include an error within a certain limit. Attempting to pinpoint the location will result in energy uncertainty, and attempting to determine the amount of energy will result in position inaccuracy. This is the so-called uncertainty principle. The value of the product of uncertainties is expressed as h (Planck constant) or h bar (Dirac constant). In other words, the fact that spacetime is discontinuous with particles and the uncertainty principle express the same thing.
In quantum theory, the existence of mass (energy) is expressed as a number called probability (possibility). If so, space and time will also be expressed in terms of probabilities.
Let's consider the familiar "number line". There are integer "locations" such as 1, 2, 3, etc. Additionally, there are places for fractions such as 1/2, 1/3, and 1/4. These are rational numbers. Furthermore, there are irrational numbers such as π and √2. Together they are real numbers. Now, is this number line filled with real numbers (if you remove rational and irrational numbers from the number line, the number line disappears)? If so, it means that the number line is continuous only with real numbers (the continuum hypothesis is the mathematical expression of this).
But this question is meaningless. If we define a number line as ``all numbers'' and irrational numbers as ``numbers that are not rational numbers'', then when we remove real numbers, the number line disappears. But this has nothing to do with the fact that the number line is continuous. The questions that arise are, ``Can all numbers be represented on a number line?'' and ``What are numbers?'' Furthermore, what does it mean to count?
Just as the word ``three apples'' does not represent the whole substance of ``three apples,'' both ``apple'' and ``3'' are ``ideas.'' This means that it is not the substance (existence) itself. To believe that ``apples exist'' or ``number 3 exists'' is to forget that it is something that we have created (definition) and to be controlled by it, just like saying ``God exists.'' That's it.
If both numbers and God are created by humans, the basis for the mysteries of numbers (gematria, numerology) becomes clear.
If you look at the world, there are people (cultures) that believe in the existence of God, and there are people (cultures) that believe in the existence of numbers. There are also many ethnic groups (cultures) that are the opposite.
intersubjectivity
However, the observation results are not determined solely by the observer's subjectivity; the theoretical structure is such that other observers can understand ``how others observe'' through Lorentz transformation. In other words, mutual understanding is possible because the relationship between subjects is clear. Such a theory is called (in philosophical terminology) an ``intersubjective'' theory (the same meaning applies to co-subjectivity). (P.67)
Numbers, science, God, and philosophy are all created by humans. As proof of this, there are many ethnic groups (cultures) that do not have it. Only some ethnic groups (cultures) that have these cultures think that they are "backward" or "inferior." Some people think that they are objective beings (existence, existence itself). I think it's amazing when a monkey does calculations or when a horse answers addition with the sound of its hoofs. It seems that a lot of research has been done on whether animals can recognize numbers. However, this is just a sense of superiority of a culture that has numbers.
Of course, "subjectivity" is also something that humans have created. ``Humans'' does not mean ``me'' or ``you.'' There are many cultures that do not have "subjectivity" in the sense of Western culture (although I don't think there are people living in Western Europe who live only with subjectivity).
No matter how much you study, no matter how much experience you have, the ``you'' that is the basis of it is not something you created. It was not created by "parents" or "society (culture)." ``I'' already exist when I realize it, or even if I don't realize it. I, who have a body of some kind and speak and think in Japanese (my mother tongue), do not ``create'' or ``invent.'' At best, we can only ``discover'' things, but is there anyone who can ``know'' themselves? Even at this age, there are still so many things I don't understand. Because you don't understand, you can't control yourself. I don't know what to do that would be fun, I get hungry regardless of my will, and I can't stop defecating. I feel like the only possibility of controlling myself is ``death,'' but even that feeling (thought) doesn't feel like ``I created it myself.''
So, are they (such as me) "created"? You could think that everything was created by God. Everything just “is.” It would be possible to say that it was created by God.
Western subjectivity cannot be happy unless it can escape from the ``conceit (illusion)'' of believing that it is possible to understand or control the world through science (or numbers). Now I'm thinking.