100 minutes de masterpiece
Now on air. The instructor will be Oriza Hirata (playwright, director, and president of the College of Arts, Culture, and Tourism). This is only the second time, but I ended up reading it before the third episode aired. Bath book. This is a book I received from a friend.
Mr. Hirata said some strange things, so I have already written my impressions.
Historical background
Choumin Nakae, December 8, 1847 (November 1, Koka 4) - December 1901 (Meiji 34) 13th) is a Japanese thinker and politician. His real name is Nakae Tokusuke. He was a theoretical leader of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement and was one of the winners in the first general election for the House of Representatives. Because he introduced the French Enlightenment thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau to Japan, he has been described as the Rousseau of the East. (Wiki)
This book was published in 1887 (Meiji 20). On page 107, it says ``the current Aishin Gua Luo clan'', but this is not ``Ai Shin Gua Luo Puyi'' from ``The Last Emperor'', but his predecessor (the 11th generation) ``Emperor Guangxu (Dezong)''. Emperor Jing). His mother was Empress Dowager Cixi's sister. Puyi was the child of Emperor Guangxu's half-brother, Aixinjue Luozaiwan. This part is difficult to understand without a diagram.
Opium War (1840), Arrow War (Second Opium War, 1856-1860), Sino-Japanese War (1894). 1887 was before the Sino-Japanese War.
Hirofumi Ito was born in 1841, and Eiichi Shibusawa, who is currently a hot topic, was born in 1840. Chomin is about 7 years younger than me. During the Meiji Restoration, he was in his late 20s.
Futabatei Shimei's ``Floating Clouds'', a representative work of the Language and Literature Movement, was published in 1887. It's the same year. However,
Finally, when did the term ``word and sentence coincidence'' disappear from our memory and the word became a dead word? It is very interesting to remember and see if this is the case. Of course, there is no way that a clear boundary can be seen, nor is there any kind of record. However, I think it is possible to make a rough estimate by tracing various memories.
I think it was around the end of the Taisho era. Around the time when Japanese language issues began to be passionately debated and new developments in Japanese language education in elementary schools at the time began to be actively studied and put into practice, the old term ``word and sentence unity'' was changed to ``language unity.'' I have a good idea that the name has changed to "colloquial". By this time, most of Japan's writing style had become colloquial, and the literary style that had traditionally been the main stream had come to belong to a special field. By the time the term ``word and sentence correspondence'' disappeared, the use of colloquial style was only used when contrasting the style with literary style, or when some other special explanation was needed. It was a situation like that. (“Words and Bunsai” by Yoshu Mizuno, Aozora Bunko)
I The Iwanami Bunko I read comes with a ``modern translation'' and ``original text.'' The original text is in old kanji and old kana, with furigana added to all kanji. It's a sophisticated literary style. I don't feel like reading, but I can. I can read it, but it's impossible for me to understand it.
When faced with a literary style text with many difficult-to-understand kanji, unless one is very proficient, one's eyes are drawn only by the old-fashioned notation, and one loses sight of the freshness of the thought contained therein. It is inevitable that it will be put away. (P.265, Translator's Commentary)
The study of Zen, which I wrote about last time, was written in 1911 (Meiji 44), and the original text is in old kanji and kana, but it is not a literary text. A lot has changed in the past 20 years. This paperback was published in 1965. This is a modern text.
One note for those who are about to read this book.
Although I have not checked each word, many words have changed in modern texts. Many of the translated works were created (or appropriated) during the Meiji period. Of course the translator knows that these words have different meanings than they did before the Meiji era, and they also have different meanings in modern Japanese. For example, the word "evolution" that appears a lot in this book is a translation of "evolution," and I think it's a word that doesn't exist in Japan. ``Jibutsu'' can be understood as a translation of ``liberty (freedom),'' but it still has the meaning of ``selfishness'' and ``selfishness'' from before the Meiji era.
When a written sentence becomes a colloquial sentence, and furthermore, when it uses the current kanji and kana characters, people tend to take it as ``Japanese that they know.'' The meaning before the Meiji era, the meaning used by Chomin, the meaning used by Nishida, the meaning used by modern Japanese (me), and the meaning you use are not necessarily the same.
The word "civil rights" is not used today, but the words "tyranny," "constitutional system," and "democracy" come up a lot. These may also have different meanings now. Well, I'm saying this as someone who skipped studying history and politics.
Three drunk people
Two customers with sake come to Mr. Nankai, who loves alcohol. I don't know their names, but one is called ``Gentleman'' and the other is ``Hell.'' The gentleman is a ``democrat'' and the hero is an ``invader.''
The first half is the gentleman's statement. He advocates ``demilitarization.'' .
When a weak country interacts with a powerful country, it is like hitting an egg against a rock when it uses physical strength that is even less than one tenth of the enemy's strength. The other side is arrogant about civilization. If you think about it, there is no way that they lack a sense of morality, which is the essence of civilization. Why then, as a small country, do we not use the intangible moral principles that they yearn for in their hearts but are unable to put into practice as part of their armaments? If liberty were to be an army and a fleet, equality be a fortress, and fraternity be a sword and a cannon, what enemy could there be in the world? (P.14-15)
``Liberty, equality, and fraternity.'' This is the spirit of the French Revolution. Regarding the relationship between autocracy, constitutionalism, and democracy, Mr. Gentleman says this. Constitutional systems are similar to autocracies in that the monarch's position is dignified and can suppress ambitious people. It resembles a tyrannical country. It resembles a democratic country in that the people are free. In the end, it can be said that while the advantages of these two systems are combined, their disadvantages are worthless. (P.49)
Japan is a "constitutional democracy" with an Emperor (monarch, head of state). Although it is sometimes referred to as a "parliamentary democracy," there is still an emperor. He is a symbolic emperor with no real power (sovereign citizen). I don't really understand, and I don't feel like discussing it right now. I don't really understand democracy, freedom, or equality. I don't know what kind of political parties there are in Japan today, but if you look at Wikipedia, there are many political parties with such names. Liberal Democratic Party, Constitutional Democratic Party, People's Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party. I'm sure the members of the party know the meaning of their party's name. All political parties are calling for ``democracy.'' I don't know how many political parties are aiming for the ``demilitarization'' that Gentleman is talking about.
Let me quote what the gentleman said a little more. He believes in the "law of evolution."
In the first place, evolution refers to the movement from an imperfect form to a perfect form, and from an impure form to a pure form. (P.28)
Humans follow the laws of evolution more quickly than other animals, and scholars and thinkers follow the laws of evolution more quickly than other animals. It is easier to follow the law, and a democratic system is exactly the third step in the law of political evolution.
Although the constitutional system is said to be complete, there are still some aspects that give me a slight headache. I don't know why this is so. (P.41)
The Western idea of ``evolution'' and the Eastern idea of ``reason'' are mixed together. ``Riho'' (original: ``Ri'') is defined in the Kanji dictionary I have as ``the outline of things'' (Shinshaku Kanwa, 1969). I don't really understand because ``ri'' has various meanings. The "logic" of Western Europe is originally a "logos" (word), but there is a "subject that emits" it. ``Rei'' is ``Kotowari,'' and I think it has a stronger meaning of ``incorporated'' or ``existing beforehand,'' rather than the subject who makes the statement (I don't know what it means in China).
Gentleman, the people who have been liberated from the "feudal system" and have gained "freedom" have gained a "constitutional system," and the aim is a "democratic system" that combines "equality." It's called the "law of evolution."
In a constitutional (legislative) system,
If you suffer property damage, there is no need to fight; It would be fine if you filed a lawsuit with just one document. Then an impartial judge will make a judgment based on proper legal provisions and make you pay compensation. (P.54)
This means that the relationship between the individuals is resolved through objective law and court. That means no physical force is needed. There is a memo of mine in the margin of this page titled ``Relationship between trials and AI, objectivity,'' but I have forgotten what I meant when I wrote it. I guess he was thinking of an "AI trial" based on "objective facts."
The hero asks.
Then, what would we do if some violent country took advantage of our disarmament and dispatched troops to attack us? (P.59)
This is a story I still hear often. Even if you don't like violence, what would you do if you were about to be beaten? So, I wonder if I can protect myself, let alone my family and loved ones. Gentleman,
I believe that such a violent country will never exist. In the unlikely event that such a violent country were to arise, we would have no choice but to come up with countermeasures on our own. (P.59)
If they still do not listen, but load their rifles and cannons and aim at us (FF), we will cry out with a loud voice, ``You, What a disrespectful and outrageous person!'' Then he gets hit by a bullet and dies. There is no particular trick. (P.59-60)
This won't convince you. Actually, I don't have any more persuasive opinions either. ``Believing'' is difficult, but unless you have absolute power like God, I feel like you have no choice but to believe somewhere or pray. Ultimately, it is nature that nurtures us. Nothing else. Living things, including humans, survive on the blessings of sunlight and the earth. No matter how much humans fantasize, they cannot live like that. However, nature doesn't just provide us with blessings, such as the recent Noto Peninsula earthquake. We can't go against nature, but what about humans? What if your opponent is a wild bear or deer?
However, when this is applied to nations, it becomes even more obvious that it does not make sense. This is because, if an enemy country were to attack, and if we even slightly mobilized our troops and fired guns to defend ourselves, that would be an attack while we were already on the defensive, and we would have no choice but to consider it an evil act. (P.61) Your theory is that because the other person does bad things, we also do bad things, but isn't that a really low-level theory? (Same)
Is the opponent you fight in a war a "people" or a "country"? Am I fighting as a "person" or as a "country"?
Now it's the hero's turn.
Conflict is personal anger. War is the anger of a nation. Those who do not fight are weaklings. A country that does not go to war is a weak country. (Omitted) Isn't there nothing we can do about the fact that individuals actually have vices? Isn't there nothing we can do about the fact that the country is actually doing something stupid? Isn't there nothing we can do about reality?
That's why civilized countries are always strong countries. We fight wars, but we don't fight them. Because there are strict laws, there is no conflict between individuals. (P.63)
If you look at it, armaments are a statistical table of the achievements of each country's civilization. (P.64)
About the subheading
Here, there is a heading in the margin that says "The hero is a little behind the times" (P.69) . This subheading is also part of the table of contents, but it seems more like a Chomin tweet than a headline. I think Chomin was feeling surprised and laughing when he wrote that sentence. As I write, I feel like I'm objectively looking at myself and what I've written.
If you read it like a summary of that section, it will feel strange.
Age, region, and way of thinking
For those who are nostalgic about the past, all new cultural artifacts, dignity, customs, and emotions are frivolous and exaggerated. However, when I look at it, it makes my eyes sting, when I hear it, my ears feel dirty, when I eat it, it makes my throat water, and when I think about it, it makes me dizzy. The new people are just the opposite; as long as things are old-fashioned, they feel that everything is rotten and has a bad smell, and they are relentless in their pursuit of new-style things. (P.73)
Please do some actual research. People over the age of 30 are all good old nostalgic shops, and people under 30 are all good new shops. (P.74)
Of course, the fact that a person is intelligent and has outstanding insight cannot be argued using ordinary logic, but other things are due to regional specificities. It is extremely rare to find something that is not constrained by this. Therefore, the two elements of old nostalgia and new drop can be classified based on regional characteristics. (P.77)
We cannot escape the influence of customs and language, as well as culture, on our thinking (sensibilities). What I think is important now is not to escape, but to understand that our thoughts and sensibilities are influenced by culture. Maybe it's hard to deny that. After all, our own joy and suffering (pain) are also influenced by culture. You all know that certain things are suffering in some cultures and pleasures in others.
Of course, even within the same culture, there are people with different experiences of suffering and enjoyment (in other words, sensibilities). Isn't that nice? I'm sure these different sensibilities are influenced by culture, and I think we need to acknowledge each other. Accepting someone doesn't mean dating, but it may also mean not dating.
Since their thoughts and sensibilities are also formed within the same culture, there may be some commonalities and points that resonate with each other. Deeper than that, there may be points that resonate with us as humans and as living things.
It is strange to say that it differs depending on the age. It is said that as you get older, you become more conservative. I wonder if I'm curled up too. Even if you feel young in your heart, the more you know about things, the more things you can't do. Sometimes your head and body stop moving, but another factor is that you gradually begin to see what's behind things. You will no longer be able to act without thinking. This does not mean that we "get it"; it also means that there are more things we don't understand. It doesn't matter when you die, you'll get better.
The Liberal Party and the Reform Party
There were probably two major political parties at that time, the Liberal Party and the Reform Party.
If the two sides fight head-on, if the nostalgic element wins, the government's orders will definitely show decisiveness, and if the new element wins, the government's You can definitely see the carefulness in the orders. (P.82)
Well, this is probably Chomin's honest feeling.
I believe that this conflict between conservatism and innovation continues even after the war. This means that the conflict between Mr. Gentleman and Mr. Hero has continued for a long time.
In everything in this world, there is a distinction between theory and technology. Theory wields power in debates. Technology is what makes it effective in real life. (P.87)
The doctrine of equality and economic theory are political theories. It is political technology that turns weakness into strength and chaos into peace. Please study the theory. I will discuss the technology. (Same)
It's not that conservatives don't have theories. The difference lies in how we handle "bad things" and "dirty things" in our practice. I feel that conservatives have a certain charm that is lacking in the pompous theorists, who obediently follow their own desires and accept the bad and the dirty.
Mr. Nankai
Mr. Nankai, who had been listening without saying much, now had his turn to speak. He says this while accepting their theories.
Neither is supposed to be of any use today. Gentleman's theory cannot be put into practice unless the people of the whole country work together. The theory of Mr. Gogetsu cannot be implemented unless the Son of Heaven or the Prime Minister takes sole discretion. (P.93)
On the other hand, what is it that the god of evolution hates? It is nothing more than trying to do something that could never be done at that time and place. (P.96)
What is the essence of politics? The goal is to allow people to maintain peaceful enjoyment and receive welfare benefits, in accordance with the will of the people and in keeping with their intellectual level. (P.97)
Also, if we think about it according to the principle of evolution mentioned by Mr. Gentleman, we will go from autocracy to a constitutional system, and from a constitutional system to a democracy.This is exactly the order in which political society progresses. . Going from autocracy to democracy all at once is not an order of magnitude. The reason is that in people's minds, the idea of an emperor or the image of a duke and earl is still strongly engraved deep within their minds, and although they cannot be seen with the eyes, it is as if they are the principal image of that person or a talisman. If we suddenly introduce a democratic system at a time when Japan is in such a state, it will completely confuse the minds of the masses. This is truly a psychological law. (P.98)
Mr. Nankai also accepts the concept of "evolution." And that it goes through stages. This is also a Western evolutionary idea. Marx thought the same way at first. However, in ``Letter to Zasulich,'' he questions the route from feudalism to capitalism (capital accumulation) to socialism (communism) (I haven't read it yet, but I haven't read it yet: ``Answer to the letter'' and its ``draft'' consideration](https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/31253/1/22(4)_P207-246.pdf) may be helpful).
This is a question about the Hegelian, or Christian, "linearity of history." Although this is incompatible with the Japanese way of thinking, which is based on reincarnation, the rapid changes of the Meiji Restoration probably gave Nankai Sensei, an intellectual at the time, an ``evolutionary'' way of thinking. And I think that was also the atmosphere in Japan at the time.
Mr. Nankai (Chomin)'s ``Something I'm proud of here''
Gentlemen, gentlemen, thoughts are seeds, and the brain is the field. If you really like democratic ideas, spread the seeds in people's minds by talking about them and writing them in books. If we do that, in a few hundred years, we might see trees growing thickly all over the country. (P.99)
Therefore, people's brains are a storage place for past thoughts. The business of society is the expression of past ideas. Therefore, if you want to build a new business, you must put that idea into people's brains and make it a past idea. This is because business always takes the form of results in the present, but ideas always take the form of causes in the past. (P.100)
Era is silk and paper, thought is paint, and business is painting. The society of an era is a picture. (Same)
That's a famous quote. We can't make it happen now, but we will sow seeds for the future. There are many painters, literary figures, and philosophers who become famous after their death.
The reason why classical authors are happy is that they are dead.
And
The reason for my happiness, or yours, is that they are dead. (Ryuunosuke Akutagawa's Complete Works of Confucian Words, Vol. 7, February 22, 1978, Iwanami Shoten, p. 396)
We tend to feel repulsed. And when they are gone, I can honestly hear (read) their words for the first time. Is it a kind of rivalry? No matter how you interpret it, you can rest assured that no one will deny your interpretation and there will be no direct harm. The responsibility lies with the dead, and the benefit lies with oneself.
Is there a similar trend in Western Europe? There probably is. Evolutionary thinking always considers itself to be the ``top of evolution'', so young people have to think they are superior to old people, and for that reason they cannot accept older people.
About war
In short, the soldiers of our Asian countries are insufficient for invasion, but they are more than sufficient for defense. That's it. (P105)
In many cases, grudges between countries arise not from actual circumstances but from false rumors. (P.108)
The question is, what constitutes reality or falsehood? This is the question of whether it is possible to judge something that is not something that has been experienced (experiences, sensations) by oneself. The recent flood of fake news and fake images (videos), as well as rumors and ``Imperial Headquarters announcements,'' has led to a movement toward ``legal regulations'' and ``severe penalties.''
They haven't found anything essential. I think not being able to believe what others say is the same as believing a lie. Both are things I haven't experienced. Believing or not believing in things you haven't experienced, and the fact that this becomes a problem, also has to do with culture. As long as you don't experience and know everything, it is inevitable that you will either believe or disbelieve. However, there are only a limited number of societies (cultures) where this is a problem. What these societies have in common is the existence of a ``subject''. Well, I'll stop writing any more.
“Mr. Nankai cheated (Mr. Nankai sesame)”
Three opinions
Now, the opinions of the three are conflicting. It also appears that Mr. Nankai arbitrated the opinions of the gentleman and the hero. And these opinions have continued (repeated) in conflict to this day.
Let's leave it to each reader to determine the differences in their opinions. What I noticed is that all three (including ``Nostalgic Elements'' and Gojikun) do not want the ``old system (feudal era)''. It's a battle between militarism and democracy. Everyone wants their country to become "rich" by attacking other countries or giving up their weapons. They believe that a capitalist society is better than a feudal society, and that becoming a wealthy country is the happiness of the people. The discussion is based on this premise (it is the same thing, but it assumes a constitutional system).
After this, Japan advances to the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars, wins, and the country becomes "rich." Although Japan lost the Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War (World War II), high economic growth continued. It was said that material goods (or money) made people rich. Now, money has run out of control, creating a bubble and bursting. This is what I think as I reached old age at that time. Having benefited from the period of high economic growth and receiving democratic education, I never doubted the concept of "evolution." Capitalism is ``better'' than feudalism, and yet a ``revolution'' is necessary to create an ``even better society'' in order to escape from the suffering we are still experiencing.
Even now, most people (people in countries called developed countries) are trying to create a better society from an evolutionary perspective. I think we are fighting for that goal.
Computers
I like programs. I've been interested in programming ever since computers were called microcomputers. The good thing about computer programs is that you can "control" the computer. It is a sense of superiority, conquest, and accomplishment of being able to run a computer rather than being controlled by it. When you set a goal, create a program, and run it, it becomes clear whether it will work or not. If it doesn't work properly, it's (mostly) your fault. Of course, there are bugs in programming languages and hardware, but it's also interesting to "work around" them.
However, in the end, you cannot go beyond what the language and hardware have decided. I'm looking forward to that "language game". It's like a computer game, it's fun in the creator's intent. And creators are also controlled by culture. To paraphrase Mr. Nankai's words, ``The era is computers, ideas are programming languages, and business is programs.''
I started creating the current program about 5 years ago (this is also how I am writing this article), but I am still constantly modifying it, improving it, and making it more useful. Once you program it, you won't need to go through the trouble of doing it yourself. In other words, it will no longer be done.
What I've been feeling lately is that I won't be able to do it anymore and I won't be able to do it anymore. Was it unnecessary? Once you get used to ``Google'', you won't go to the library, you won't know how to look up things in a dictionary, and you won't know how to look them up. If you turn on the faucet and water comes out, you won't know how to draw water, dig a well, or get water. If you can buy tea from a vending machine or convenience store, you won't know how to make tea. Once cut cakes become commonplace, people will no longer know how to cut them. Without a washlet, you won't be able to use the toilet. If sleeping pills become commonplace, people will forget how to sleep naturally... We become ``addicted'' to smartphones, water supplies, vending machines, convenience stores, washlets, and sleeping pills, and these become, in Ilyichi's words, ``scarcity.'' These have been referred to as "wealth" or "wealth." And what they take away is "the skill of living" and "the power to live."
I thought that those of us living after the bubble burst were starting to think about this, but then something called the "new coronavirus" became popular. Many countries have competed for vaccines, claiming that they are a "scarcity" and spending huge sums of money. And a society that depends on "vaccines" is about to emerge. What it took away was the ``power to live'' called ``immunity.''