秘密？
"Charles Darwin's Barnacle and Dabid Bowie's Spider -- How Scientific Names Celebrate Adventurers, Heroes, and Even a Few Scoundrels" by Stephen B. Heard 2020 の訳です。
日本語訳ではラテン語とカタカナが併記してあるので、しっかり読めばこの本だけでラテン語の読み方はマスターできるかもしれません。（笑）
「エッセイ」といわれているように、「学名物語」です。「秘密」という題名はどうでしょうか。
学名の命名方法については少し書かれているだけです。動物と植物では違うそうです。
カール・リンネ[wiki(JP)]が18世紀中頃に定めた方法が、現在まで使われているそうです。「属名ー種名」というやつです。
基本的には自分の名前は使わないそうです。彗星なんかとは反対ですね。
「なぜ名前が必要なのか」
という章から始まりますが、私の求める答えはありませんでした。
人間は「自分を取り巻く世界への好奇心」をもっていて「科学者はその好奇心によって」「名前をつけている」（P.5）と述べられているだけです。人間というのは「名前をつける動物」とでもいいたげです。
私は、「名付ける方法」を知りたいのではなく、「なぜ、名前をつけたがるのか」が知りたいのです。
言葉
言葉はもともと動作や環境、そして物に名前をつけることです。もちろん、「考える」ためではなく「伝える」ために言葉はあります。
「逃げろ」とか「寒い」「痛い」などの言葉が生まれ、その後で「山」「木」「りんご」などの名前がついたと考えています。「赤いリンゴを食べる」という言葉で重要なことは「食べる」という動作です。「赤いリンゴ」は見ればわかります。「食べる」ということだけを伝えればいいのです。
つぎに「りんご」が大切で、最後が「赤い」という抽象的な形容詞です。
「数」というのは、たぶん最後なんじゃないでしょうか。よく言われるように、ある部族には、「１」「２」「たくさん」しか数詞がないそうです。[1]
切り取る
物に名前をつけるというのは、それを「部分」として「全体」から切り出すことです。切り取る前は、「自分を取り巻く世界」、自然は（環境は）目の前に「ただある」だけです。
そこに「山」と命名すると、全体から「山」が切り出されます。残った部分は「空」と「大地」でしょうか。「川」も命名するかもしれません。山にある「木」を命名すれば木が切り取られます。
利用・支配
なぜ、「木」を命名するのでしょうか。それは「木」を「使う」からですよね。家を立てたり、火を燃やしたり。だから、「木」は命名する必要があるでしょう。「りんご」も食べるので必要でしょう。「魚」も必要になる地域があるでしょう。でも、「山」や「川」はあまり必要ないですよね。「魚を取りに山に行く」人も「木を取りに川に行く」人もいないでしょうから。（笑）[2]
さらに、りんごの種類が多ければ、「美味しいりんご」「毒りんご（？）」などを命名する必要があるかもしれません。
ここまでの段階では「利用のための必要」です。[3]
もちろん、ここでいう「必要」とは、その日（あるいは明日）生きていくために「充分（十分）」な量です。「必要＝充分」なわけです。
これがどこかの段階で「必要＞十分」になります。
多分、多くの人が「始めから必要＞充分なんじゃないの。だって、明日食べるものがあるかどうかわからないし、明後日だってわからないから。」と思うのではないでしょうか。
それをいい始めると、来月、来年もわからない、際限がなくなってしまいますよね。
私たちは、たしかにそういう世界に生きています。そういう「考え方」が主流な世界です。
明日、来月、来年のために貯める。「食いだめ」でもいいし、「貯蓄」でもいいです。[4]
なぜ貯めなければいけないのか
原因はいくつか考えられます。たとえば、人類が熱帯、あるいは季節の変化があまりないところから、温帯、寒帯へと広がっていったこと。季節によって、食料が豊富な時期と、乏しい時期があるということです。
また、濃厚、牧畜の開始。実るまで、食料はないし、種（たね）は残しておかなければなりません。
それでもまだ、「必要＝充分」です。単位が1日ではなく、半年や1年、数年に伸びただけです。
多分、決定的なのは「交易」の開始でしょう。それも「贈与」ではなく、「交換」です。交換のためには「数量」が必要です。（貨幣も同時に生まれます。）
交易は、共同体間の出来事ですが、それは同時に共同体内に浸透します。国家と租税の発生です。
文字は交易の記録として始まったといわれています。
これらは同時にはじまったわけではないし、相互に影響を与えています。[5]
ただ、命名というものが、利用から支配へ、さらには所有へと続くものだと思います。
命名とは
名前をつけるというのは「抽象化」です。個別のりんごの具体性を捨象したときに「りんご」という「概念」ができます。
ラベリングですね。個性を捨象して、「ジャズだ」とか、「大卒だ」とか「不良だ」とかラベルを貼ることができます。ラベリングをすると、安心するような思考をしているんですね。「あの人は不良だから」と言ってしまえば、その人を具体的に知る努力をしなくてよくなってしまいます。「東大卒だから」「ホモセクシャルだから」・・・。それと個人とはイコールではないですよね。[6]
商品は逆のことをやっているように見えます。中身が（ほとんど）同じでも「差別化」することによって販売促進を図ります。でも、同じことがいえます。ブランド名をつければ、中身を考える必要がなくなるのです。
命名は、科学のためにあるのではありません。それは、文字の本質に関わることであって、私たちの思考方法を規定します。
命名に様々な、独自の物語があることをこの本は語っています。個々の物語はとても魅力的であり、人間的です。そのことが逆に命名（学名をつける）の本質を浮かび上がらせているのではないでしょうか。
⟨impressions⟩
Secret?
& quot; Charles Darwin & apos; s Barnacle and Dabid Bowie & apos; s Spider --How Scientific Names Celebrate Adventurers, Heroes, and Even a Few Scoundrels & quot; by Stephen B. Heard 2020.
In the Japanese translation, Latin and Katakana are written together, so if you read it carefully, you may be able to master how to read Latin with this book alone. (Lol)
As it is called an "essay," it is a "scientific name story." What about the title "secret"?
There is only a little written about how to name the scientific name. It seems that animals and plants are different.
Carl Linnaeus [wiki (JP)] established in the middle of the 18th century However, it seems that it has been used until now. It is a "genus name-species name".
Basically, he doesn't use his name. It's the opposite of a comet.
"Why do you need a name?"
But I didn't find the answer I was looking for.
It is simply stated that human beings have "curiosity about the world around them" and "scientists give their names" by their curiosity (P.5). Humans can be called "animals that give names".
I don't want to know "how to name", I want to know "why I want to name".
Words
The word is originally to name actions, environments, and things. Of course, there are words to "tell" rather than "think."
I think that words such as "escape", "cold", and "painful" were born, followed by names such as "mountain", "tree", and "apple". The important thing in the word "eat a red apple" is the action of "eat". You can see the "red apple" by looking at it. All you have to do is tell them to "eat."
Next, "apple" is important, and the last is an abstract adjective "red."
"Number" is probably the last one. As is often said, some tribes have only "1", "2", and "many" numerals. [1]
Cut out
To give a name to an object is to cut it out from the "whole" as a "part". Before cutting, "the world around me", nature (environment) is just "just" in front of me.
If you name it "mountain", the "mountain" will be cut out from the whole. Are the remaining parts "sky" and "earth"? You may also name the "river". If you name the "tree" in the mountain, the tree will be cut out.
Use / Control
Why do you name "tree"? That's because "tree" is "used", isn't it? Build a house or burn a fire. So the "tree" would need to be named. You will also need "apples" because you will eat them. There will be areas where you will also need "fish". But you don't really need "mountains" or "rivers". No one will "go to the mountains to pick up fish" or "go to the river to pick up trees". (Laughs) [2]
In addition, if you have many types of apples, you may need to name them "delicious apples" or "poisoned apples (?)".
At the stage up to this point, it is "necessary for use". [3]
Of course, "necessary" here is an amount that is "sufficient" to live that day (or tomorrow). "Necessary = sufficient".
This becomes "necessary> sufficient" at some stage.
Perhaps many people think, "Necessary from the beginning> not enough, because I don't know if I have something to eat tomorrow, and I don't know the day after tomorrow."
If you start saying that, you won't know next month or next year, and there will be no end to it.
We certainly live in that kind of world. That kind of "thinking" is the mainstream world.
Save for tomorrow, next month, next year. It can be "eating" or "savings". [4]
Why should I save
There are several possible causes. For example, human beings have spread from the tropics or places where there is not much seasonal change to temperate and boreal zones. Depending on the season, there are times when food is abundant and times when food is scarce.
Also, the start of rich and livestock farming. Until it bears fruit, there is no food and the seeds must be left behind.
Still, "necessary = sufficient". The unit has only increased to six months, one year, or several years instead of one day.
Perhaps the decisive factor is the start of "trade." It is not a "gift" but a "exchange". "Quantity" is required for exchange. (Money is also born at the same time.)
Trade is an event between communities, but at the same time it penetrates into the community. It is the occurrence of nation and tax.
The letters are said to have started as a record of trade.
These did not start at the same time and are influencing each other. [5]
However, I think that naming goes from use to control to ownership.
What is naming?
Naming is an "abstraction". The "concept" of "apples" is created when the specifics of individual apples are abstracted.
It's labeling. You can abstract the individuality and label it as "jazz", "university graduate" or "bad". When you label, you think that you feel relieved. If you say, "Because that person is bad," you don't have to make an effort to know that person specifically. "Because I'm a graduate of Tokyo University" "Because I'm homosexual" ... And individuals are not equal, aren't they? [6]
The product seems to be doing the opposite. Even if the contents are (almost) the same, we will promote sales by "differentiating". But the same is true. With a brand name, you don't have to think about what's inside.
The naming is not for science. It concerns the essence of letters and defines the way we think.
The book tells us that there are many unique stories about naming. The individual stories are very fascinating and human. On the contrary, that may highlight the essence of naming (giving a scientific name).
Secret?
& quot; Charles Darwin & apos; s Barnacle and Dabid Bowie & apos; s Spider --How Scientific Names Celebrate Adventurers, Heroes, and Even a Few Scoundrels & quot; by Stephen B. Heard 2020.
In the Japanese translation, Latin and Katakana are written together, so if you read it carefully, you may be able to master how to read Latin with this book alone. (Lol)
As it is called an "essay," it is a "scientific name story." What about the title "secret"?
There is only a little written about how to name the scientific name. It seems that animals and plants are different.
Carl Linnaeus [wiki (JP)] established in the middle of the 18th century However, it seems that it has been used until now. It is a "genus name-species name".
Basically, he doesn't use his name. It's the opposite of a comet.
"Why do you need a name?"
But I didn't find the answer I was looking for.
It is simply stated that human beings have "curiosity about the world around them" and "scientists give their names" by their curiosity (P.5). Humans can be called "animals that give names".
I don't want to know "how to name", I want to know "why I want to name".
Words
The word is originally to name actions, environments, and things. Of course, there are words to "tell" rather than "think."
I think that words such as "escape", "cold", and "painful" were born, followed by names such as "mountain", "tree", and "apple". The important thing in the word "eat a red apple" is the action of "eat". You can see the "red apple" by looking at it. All you have to do is tell them to "eat."
Next, "apple" is important, and the last is an abstract adjective "red."
"Number" is probably the last one. As is often said, some tribes have only "1", "2", and "many" numerals. [1]
Cut out
To give a name to an object is to cut it out from the "whole" as a "part". Before cutting, "the world around me", nature (environment) is just "just" in front of me.
If you name it "mountain", the "mountain" will be cut out from the whole. Are the remaining parts "sky" and "earth"? You may also name the "river". If you name the "tree" in the mountain, the tree will be cut out.
Use / Control
Why do you name "tree"? That's because "tree" is "used", isn't it? Build a house or burn a fire. So the "tree" would need to be named. You will also need "apples" because you will eat them. There will be areas where you will also need "fish". But you don't really need "mountains" or "rivers". No one will "go to the mountains to pick up fish" or "go to the river to pick up trees". (Laughs) [2]
In addition, if you have many types of apples, you may need to name them "delicious apples" or "poisoned apples (?)".
At the stage up to this point, it is "necessary for use". [3]
Of course, "necessary" here is an amount that is "sufficient" to live that day (or tomorrow). "Necessary = sufficient".
This becomes "necessary> sufficient" at some stage.
Perhaps many people think, "Necessary from the beginning> not enough, because I don't know if I have something to eat tomorrow, and I don't know the day after tomorrow."
If you start saying that, you won't know next month or next year, and there will be no end to it.
We certainly live in that kind of world. That kind of "thinking" is the mainstream world.
Save for tomorrow, next month, next year. It can be "eating" or "savings". [4]
Why should I save
There are several possible causes. For example, human beings have spread from the tropics or places where there is not much seasonal change to temperate and boreal zones. Depending on the season, there are times when food is abundant and times when food is scarce.
Also, the start of rich and livestock farming. Until it bears fruit, there is no food and the seeds must be left behind.
Still, "necessary = sufficient". The unit has only increased to six months, one year, or several years instead of one day.
Perhaps the decisive factor is the start of "trade." It is not a "gift" but a "exchange". "Quantity" is required for exchange. (Money is also born at the same time.)
Trade is an event between communities, but at the same time it penetrates into the community. It is the occurrence of nation and tax.
The letters are said to have started as a record of trade.
These did not start at the same time and are influencing each other. [5]
However, I think that naming goes from use to control to ownership.
What is naming?
Naming is an "abstraction". The "concept" of "apples" is created when the specifics of individual apples are abstracted.
It's labeling. You can abstract the individuality and label it as "jazz", "university graduate" or "bad". When you label, you think that you feel relieved. If you say, "Because that person is bad," you don't have to make an effort to know that person specifically. "Because I'm a graduate of Tokyo University" "Because I'm homosexual" ... And individuals are not equal, aren't they? [6]
The product seems to be doing the opposite. Even if the contents are (almost) the same, we will promote sales by "differentiating". But the same is true. With a brand name, you don't have to think about what's inside.
The naming is not for science. It concerns the essence of letters and defines the way we think.
The book tells us that there are many unique stories about naming. The individual stories are very fascinating and human. On the contrary, that may highlight the essence of naming (giving a scientific name).
デビッド・ボウイのクモ、イチローのハチ、といった生き物の学名がある。生物はどのように分類され、名前を付けられるのか。学名を付けることの意味や、新種の命名権の売買まで、名付けにまつわる逸話で綴る科学エッセイ。
[1] 多分、それは私たちが考える「１」「２」ではないかもしれません。1回に食べられる分量が「１」、みんなに分けられる分量が「2」、それ以上が「たくさん」かもしれません。日本でも米を「一粒」「一膳」「一食」「一合」「一升」・・・様々な単位で数えます。
[2] ただ、川にも木がありますし、山に川が流れているところもあります。(^_^;)
[3] さらに言えば、自分が利用するだけなら命名の必要はありません。部落や家族で「分ける」ために（食物の分配、仕事の分配）必要な命名です。
[4] アンデシュ・ハンセンはそれが「肥満の原因」「スマホ脳」だといいます。
[5] 文字（数字）があっても国家を形成しない、あるいはその逆もあります。
[6] 著者が戸惑いを見せる人名を種の学名につけること、「ヒトラー」とか「アメリカ大統領の名」とか。そんなことで、その生物が変わるわけではありません。「ダーウィン」の名をつけたから、進化がするというわけではないでしょう。（笑）
＜抜粋＞
「苔類がまだ人をうっとりとさせる物質をほとんど生み出しておらず（中略）食べるにふさわしいものでもないのは事実である。しかし、たとえ人間が苔類を無理やり役立てたり悪用したりすることができないとしても、それらはもう神が置かれた土地でははるかに有用であり（中略）少なくともそれら自身に対して有用で、美しさを内包しているーーそれこそが、あらゆるものの主要な存在意義なのだ。」(P.111、Spruce(1817-1893):
Botanist and Explorer. London:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kewからの引用）
ダーウィンとウォレスという「この博物学者二人は、地球上のあらゆる生命についての考え方を一つにまとめるという素晴らしい業績をおさめたのだから。物理学は今なお「大統一理論」の完成を待っているが、生物学は一六〇年前からそれを有している。自然選択による進化論という理論である（「理論」という言葉に惑わされてはいけない。自然選択による進化は我々が暮らす自（FF）然の世界のあらゆるものと同じく現実であり、たとえば重力よりもはるかによく理解されている）。」（P.166-167）
「新種の命名でマオリ語を使うことは強く支持されたが、人名由来の命名は支持されなかった。ある人物は先祖の名前に関してこのように述べる。「それは彼らに帰属する名前であり、彼らは彼らの民に認められている。彼らの栄誉はそこ、つまり彼らの民の中に存するべきだ。」マオリにとっ（FF）て、名前とは個人を識別するだけのものではない。人生や血統を語り、知識を伝え、つながった世界においてその名前の持つ人物のいるべき場所を示している。」（P.194-195）引用は"Papa, J. W 2012"からの引用
「そういった仕事が下働きだから女性に与えられるのか、あるいはその逆で、女性が行うからそういった仕事が軽視されるのかは定かではないが。」（P241）
[拡大] 
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