About this book
This is a recycled book from the library. I didn't write anything, but it fell while I was reading the last page. The first edition was published in 1965, and this book was published in 1985 as the 35th edition. It's a bath book (a book I read in the bath), but it was so interesting that I read it right away, so I'm not sick (laughs).
Preface
From the expressions of the rainbows of each country, "colors are classified and expressed according to the mechanism of words" (P.4), which is recognized as words. The relationship is stated. "To" classify "is nothing but to fill in small differences in one color. (Same as above) In other words, although I feel the difference in color within the same "red", I express it with the same word "red". It's not that I don't feel the difference in "red".
Ann Mika said on TV, "There are 200 types of white." She is likely to be told, "I don't know for such an amateur." Fluorescent lamps are available in "light bulb color", "daylight white" and "daylight color". There are also "white", but that will change the atmosphere of the room. The light bulb color feels warm and soft, and the daylight color feels modern and cold. Most people seem to feel the difference, even if they can't.
Recent smartphone cameras have improved performance, so you can accurately capture the difference. You may have heard the term "white balance", but in general, the light from a fluorescent lamp makes human skin look bluish (or greenish in some cases), so it needs to be corrected. .. It seems that warm light is better for taking delicious food. I can't say it unconditionally.
Well, I can see the moment when I moved from the room with the neutral white fluorescent light to the room with the daylight color, but I don't feel it after a while. If you stay in a light bulb-colored room all the time, you won't feel it is light-colored. To that extent, human sensibilities are tolerable.
1 What is logic?
An example like a mystery ("Don Quixote") explains what logic is. Interesting as a reading material.
2 Thoughts, words, and logic
The relationship between thoughts and words is described by Sapia-Wharf's hypothesis (in this book, it is called "Hof").
Therefore, we are looking at nature according to the structure of the language. (P.40)
This is the same as stated in the preface. On the other hand, the author
Furthermore, the language changes according to the way we think. All words have changed as the times have changed, with differences in the way we live, act, and think. The effect of words on how to think cannot be ignored, but it seems that words alone do not determine how to think. Rather, these two are in a delicate interrelationship, and it can be said that cerebral physiology, linguistics, logic, and even psychology are issues that must be clarified from now on. (P.41-42)
. Now, more than half a century later, I don't know how much it has been elucidated in those studies.
When a new culture, "thing" or "thing", or "idea" comes in, it is mostly explained in traditional language, traditional way of thinking. If you don't, you won't be understood. The meaning of the word is expanded (or changed). They are understood and incorporated into the traditional "thinking". They haven't changed the way they think. They may also have new names (I feel that these days there are a lot of imports of words that refuse to be understood).
It means that the "word" changes. When you use them, their usage is also new.
However, if the "thing" or "thing" itself is an "art", the idea of the person who created it ("thinking method" rather than "feeling"). ) Is included. To use something is to "share your thoughts" with the person who created it. "Use" is "conversation" and "communication". As a result of the conversation, if you can understand each other, you can use it. How much you can share is how much you can use it (using without sharing your thoughts is as dangerous as using without reading the instructions).
"Talking (discussing)" changes your thinking. I said "artificial", but this is also a way of thinking that has never existed in Japan. "Nature" corresponds to this Western-style "artificial". When facing nature, understanding its intentions means understanding "the will of God."
I think that this "will" or "intention" did not exist in conventional Japan. "Will" and "intention" arise from "assuming" the "subject". The "God's will" is nothing but the result of a natural projection of the "will" and "intention" of the "subject". Therefore, since there was no "subject" in Japan, there is no "god" like in Western Europe.
Learning a second language, a foreign language, naturally means learning how to think. It's also very dangerous if you use it incorrectly.
3 Language structure and logic
From here, we will talk about linguistics, but the focus is on Tokieda grammar.
Seiki Tokieda (Wiki) (Tokieda Motoki, December 6, 1900 (Meiji 33)-October 27, 1967 (Showa 42)) A well-known Japanese (national language) scholar. I have never read his book. Of course, those who have bitten linguistics will know. The reason why Tokieda grammar is not so popular is probably because it is so different from "orthodox grammar". It is different from Western orthodox linguistics such as Soshur and Chomsky, and is incompatible with the linguistic society that promotes English education. I haven't read Tokieda's book, so I'll avoid the details.
Therefore, some words are divided into those that barely convey the feelings of the speaker (words) and those whose contents are once objectively softened (words). That is the position of Tokieda grammar. The explanation is that a word is a word that has not undergone a conceptualization process, and a lyrics is a word that has undergone a conceptualization process. (P.59)
Japanese sentences are said to have a unified structure in which the lyrics are wrapped in a syllabary.
In this respect, English etc., like
A is B
, where is plays a central role and connects A and B. Japanese is completely different from the balance type structure of. (P.61)
4 Characteristics and problems of Japanese
In this way, the basics of Japanese are predicates. In order to make the content of the predicate more detailed, the subject is extracted from the predicate and expressed. From this point of view, the subject appears as needed, and sentences without a subject are not omitted from what they should be. In other words, a Japanese sentence is enough if a word is added to the predicate word, and it is not necessary to request the main word. Therefore, the subject can be regarded as a kind of rhetoric that modifies the predicate in some way. (P.96-97)
It's amazing. Many Japanese believe that a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate. I rarely speak that way. With a little care, you'll notice that there are more sentences without a subject, whether it's a novel or a drama. The confession of love can be "like" (or "like"). You don't have to add "I" or "you".
He teaches English at elementary school. Until now, elementary school students have only said "I want to be hungry", but from now on, will elementary school students not be able to communicate unless they say "I have a stomachache" or "Do you have a stomachache?" If I don't say "I like you", will the confession of love be answered "who?" And "who?"
In English, just saying "love" will not make you feel uncomfortable. It is easy to see that in Japanese, the subject (or object) is the decoration of the predicate. In English, always adding the subject does not mean that it does not make sense without it. It comes from grammatical structure and customs.
I hate Japan. I don't know how many times I thought I wouldn't have to study English if I was born in the United States or the United Kingdom. I envy the returnees (I don't know if they grew up in an English-speaking country).
Still, I still think that Japanese created Japanese culture (or rather, I think that culture and language are one), and I just said that I didn't like that culture. I don't think I can. Also, since the Meiji era, I think that Japan has not abandoned Japanese culture while being surrounded by Western European culture (both material and social culture). It has a different meaning, but it represents the same situation). And I think that it is not SDG's that can save humanity, but the world view of "non" Indian and European languages (" Japanese sensibilities change the world ", Suzuki and I think It's different).
5 For logical expression (1)
I give a lot of examples of "Tenkyojingo" and give me hints for writing logical sentences. .. I wonder if it's okay to dismiss "Tenkyojingo" like this, but the author may have been related to the Asahi Shimbun. Also, because it is the Asahi Shimbun, I may have wanted it to be solid.
Recent newspapers have strange Japanese. Even if it is unavoidable that I did not do my own interview, I do not confirm the truth at all, and I post the text announced by the public institution as it is. Even if it can't be helped, I can't feel the intention to convey it so that the reader can understand it, not just the reporter, and even if it can't be helped, it's strange as Japanese. It is natural that the number of characters is limited, but even if you change "Tenioha", you can write more easy-to-understand sentences with the same number of characters and lines. Where does the editor-in-chief look, even if a young reporter writes an article? Is there an atmosphere like "I'm hitting power harassment" to point out that? Or do your bosses and subordinates have no desire to "make a good newspaper"? Five or ten years later, the young reporter may feel embarrassed.
Such "stray sentences" are lined up (there are also sentences other than "Tenkyojingo").
6 For logical expression (2)
Here are some example sentences in this book.
"Birds Move the wings when flying.
"When the bird flies, it moves its wings."
"The bird / del> When flying, the air moves. "
" Bird When flying, the air moves. "
>
Why don't you read it? Are there any sentences that make you feel uncomfortable with "It's strange"? Leave the grammatical interpretation to the author. Whether or not you think it is "funny" depends on each person. How many people (regardless of the content) feel "uncomfortable" in the text of the current newspaper? Some people feel uncomfortable, others don't, that's the text. And that percentage may have changed in 5 to 10 years. Linguistics thinks of rules from "existing sentences". Of course, depending on the field, there is also a specialty to think about "changes in sentences". In any case, it deals with "fixed", in other words, "textualized" sentences.
You might be told, "That's not the case. In field work, I listen to the story directly, record it, and collect the raw text." What I mean is that the language is not just "voice language". If the language is voice, then handwriting is not the language. In other words, "words" are made by putting together everything such as gestures, facial expressions, and the situation in which the text was issued (including transcription, temperature, humidity, etc.).
I can't understand the whole thing at once, so I divide it and study it in grammar theory, phonological theory, symbolism, cerebral physiology, logic, psychology, etc. And they are not "completed / completed" as one. I have listed several disciplines, but as those disciplines progress, they become more and more subdivided rather than nearing completion. Still, many scholars think that "someday we will find the truth, answers, and conclusions," or at least "approach." But when one answer is actually found, one or more new questions may be found.
Why do scholars still study? I don't have any scholarly friends, and I've never heard of anyone called a scholar. So, as you can imagine, you probably want to know more. Of course, it could be honor or money. However, I think there is a desire to "know the truth that has not been found." That may result in honor and money.
If you are a believer in Christianity or Jewish religion, you may want to "get closer to the truth of the hidden God." But I think. I wondered if it was "words" that collected the results of each field.
The whole is not a collection of parts. I'm not a collection of "names, professions, income ...". Once broken, it cannot be restored even if it is assembled or repaired. Whether it's "things" or "human relations". Even if you think it's back to normal, it's something wrong.
"Analysis and integration" is one way of thinking and perspective. It's not the only way of thinking, and it's not the only one that's right. Isn't it okay to have other perspectives and ways of thinking?
Your baby will not know grammar or phonology, but will speak words. It can be said that "baby (human) has an instinct to talk (innate ability)". But when I don't have someone to talk to, that is, when I don't grow up in a society where I talk, I don't learn or talk. But I don't know the linguistics for "speakers" and "society". Certainly, in linguistics, the person you are talking to is implicitly premised. But most seem to be "single linguistics". The reason is that linguistics began with the focus on Indian-European languages. Even so, only the words spoken in the "official place" are dealt with. "Keigo" and "slang" are treated as "exceptions".
Japanese is a little special from the perspective of Indian and European languages, and it has "respectful words", so it seems that you can imagine some of the subjects you are talking about. Depending on the other party, the first person singular (what is called, me, me, me, etc. In some cases, "Daddy" or "Uncle") may change. But the usual example in linguistics is a sentence without honors.
Musubi-What I was keenly aware of while writing
None of the words are ideal from a logical standpoint. This is rather natural, as words have a role to play in expressing illogical things as well. The problem lies in the Japanese mood that they don't like expressions that make clear the logical path. (P.205)
First of all, we Japanese try to dislike the deception of logic, to respect thinking logically, and to express it accurately. It was these two points that made me keenly aware when thinking about Japanese and logic. (P.206)
It's like "Ronri no Chikara" of NHK education.
Can the author answer by being asked whether to "match the words to the logic" or "match the logic to the words"? Certainly Japan is a society based on "logic" (ostensibly). Of course, there are many things that are "unreasonable" and "irrational." There is also a saying that "if it is impossible, the reason will be withdrawn" (source unknown). The English translation of this word is "Might is Right". This means "if you win, you're a government army (if you lose, you're a thief army)".
"Logic" is "logic". In other words, it is "logos (λόγος)" and "words" themselves. In other words, the Indian and European language is "logic (logos)". It is "logical" that follows the grammar of Indian and European languages. I think it's better to think that Japanese people are not "illogical" but "Japanese and logic are different things". Just as the author (Dr. Tokieda) tried to think of Japanese grammar, which is not Indian-European grammar, it would be better to think of Japanese logic, not Western-European logic.
A democratic election will be held next Sunday. Is "democracy" or "parliamentary system" Western logic ("Might is Right")?